簡婷

安科(ke)瑞電(dian)氣股(gu)份有限(xian)公司 上海嘉定   202110

摘要：本(ben)文通過對海(hai)洋平臺接地故障的(de)分析，論述了海(hai)洋平臺手持式(shi)和移動式(shi)用電設備安裝漏(lou)電保護(hu)器(qi)的(de)必要性，同(tong)時簡述了漏(lou)電保護(hu)器(qi)的(de)工作原理。

關鍵詞：海洋平臺；IT系統；漏電保護(hu)器

0 概述(shu)

      在海洋石油及(ji)(ji)天然(ran)氣開采過程中，海洋平(ping)臺作為(wei)油氣采集(ji)、臨時存儲(chu)及(ji)(ji)簡單(dan)處(chu)理的重要(yao)場(chang)所，其危險性極大。同時，受日(ri)曬雨淋、鹽霧侵蝕、用(yong)電設備緊(jin)湊及(ji)(ji)操(cao)作空間狹小等諸多因素的影響，海洋平(ping)臺的電氣安全(quan)一直存在隱患。為(wei)了(le)避免海洋平(ping)臺電氣安全(quan)事故(gu)的發生，需要(yao)根據海洋平(ping)臺的環境(jing)特點(dian)，因地(di)制宜(yi)地(di)選(xuan)擇供配電系統接地(di)形式，并選(xuan)擇相應的接地(di)保護(hu)方式。

1 海洋平臺配電(dian)系統(tong)的特點

      低(di)壓配電(dian)系(xi)統分TN系(xi)統、TT系(xi)統及IT系(xi)統3種形(xing)式。每種接地形(xing)式的低(di)壓配電(dian)系(xi)統都有其(qi)自身(shen)的優缺點和適用(yong)(yong)范圍。設計工作者應根據作業(ye)場所的環境條件、用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設備(bei)的特(te)點和用(yong)(yong)電(dian)要求(qiu)等因(yin)素加以具體選(xuan)擇。當前，海洋(yang)平臺一般(ban)使用(yong)(yong)IT系(xi)統供(gong)電(dian)，這是由其(qi)自身(shen)的特(te)點決定(ding)的：

      1）海洋平臺遠離陸地，對不間斷供電的要求高。例(li)如平臺的消(xiao)防措施和緊急逃(tao)生設施就不允許斷電；

      2）海(hai)洋平臺環境惡劣，鹽(yan)霧和潮濕容易使用電設備和供(gong)電線路(lu)的絕緣損壞，出現接地故障。

2 海洋平(ping)臺手持(chi)式(shi)和(he)移動(dong)式(shi)用電(dian)設備漏電(dian)保護(hu)問題

      1）海(hai)洋平臺手(shou)(shou)持(chi)式(shi)(shi)和(he)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備發生(sheng)接(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障一(yi)般有以下原因；a)手(shou)(shou)持(chi)式(shi)(shi)和(he)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備由于需要(yao)頻(pin)繁(fan)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)，電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)與用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備的(de)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)容易(yi)松脫，使相(xiang)線碰設(she)(she)備外殼而發生(sheng)接(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障；b)手(shou)(shou)持(chi)式(shi)(shi)和(he)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備在使用(yong)過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)反復彎曲，使芯線部(bu)分折斷，刺(ci)破(po)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)絕(jue)緣與外部(bu)可導電(dian)(dian)部(bu)分接(jie)(jie)觸而發生(sheng)接(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障。

      2）海洋平臺手持式和移動式用(yong)電設備(bei)接地故障分析

      a)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。國(guo)際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工委員會(hui)標準IEC4.79(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通過(guo)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)效(xiao)應)確定(ding)，通過(guo)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)50Hz電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)超(chao)過(guo)30mA時(shi)(shi)，人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)會(hui)發生心室纖維(wei)性顫(zhan)動而死亡，它與人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)潮濕程度(du)、接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高低沒(mei)有直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)關系。大(da)多數海洋平臺低壓(ya)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)形(xing)式一直沿(yan)用(yong)(yong)中性點不(bu)(bu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)的(de)(de)IT系統(tong)，這樣如果(guo)發生直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸及單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導體(ti)(ti)(ti)、單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)或(huo)者間接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸點故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)，單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)為另外(wai)兩相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)向量(liang)和(he)，通常兩相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)向量(liang)和(he)很小(xiao)，即故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)很小(xiao)，這種情況下不(bu)(bu)會(hui)構成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊危(wei)險，因此也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)切(qie)斷(duan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。但是，隨著海洋平臺用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)增多，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜線路隨之增多，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)增大(da)，發生故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)隨之增大(da)。如果(guo)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)外(wai)殼沒(mei)有可(ke)靠接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)或(huo)者接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)線斷(duan)開時(shi)(shi)，單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)只能(neng)通過(guo)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)形(xing)成回路，當通過(guo)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)50Hz電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)超(chao)過(guo)30mA時(shi)(shi)，人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)就(jiu)可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)因發生心室纖維(wei)性顫(zhan)動而死亡。在低壓(ya)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)一相(xiang)(xiang)絕緣擊穿，使其設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)外(wai)殼帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)Id=Ia+Ib≥30mA時(shi)(shi)，就(jiu)超(chao)過(guo)了人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)能(neng)承受(shou)的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)安(an)全閾值，一定(ding)要立即切(qie)斷(duan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)確保安(an)全。此時(shi)(shi)在用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)處安(an)裝漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護器是的(de)(de)解決辦法。

      b)異(yi)相接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)發生單相接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)，另外兩相對地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)絕緣要(yao)求承受較高的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，可能(neng)會導(dao)致絕緣破壞使故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)進一步(bu)擴大，照(zhao)成(cheng)異(yi)相接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)發生。根(gen)據《低壓(ya)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)計規范(fan)》GB50054-1995中4.4.14條：IT系(xi)(xi)統(tong)外露可導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)部分可用(yong)(yong)共(gong)同的(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)極接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，亦可個別地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)或成(cheng)組地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)用(yong)(yong)單獨的(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)極接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)外露可導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)部分為共(gong)同接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，則發生二次異(yi)相接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)，故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)回路的(de)(de)切斷(duan)應(ying)符合TN系(xi)(xi)統(tong)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)保護(hu)的(de)(de)要(yao)求。海洋平臺是鋼結構體(ti)，本身就是導(dao)體(ti)，相當(dang)(dang)(dang)于用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)外露可導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)部分共(gong)用(yong)(yong)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)極接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)發生異(yi)相接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)，故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)回路的(de)(de)切斷(duan)應(ying)符合TN系(xi)(xi)統(tong)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)保護(hu)的(de)(de)要(yao)求。按照(zhao)規范(fan)要(yao)，在(zai)TN系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中，手持式和移動式用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)應(ying)設(she)置漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器。

3 產品(pin)概述

     常(chang)見的(de)相與相間發(fa)生(sheng)短路可以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)很大電(dian)流(liu)，可采(cai)用開關保(bao)護(hu)，而發(fa)生(sheng)人體(ti)觸電(dian)、線路老化而導致的(de)電(dian)流(liu)泄露產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)火(huo)災以(yi)及(ji)設備(bei)的(de)接地故障都是由于漏電(dian)流(liu)所造成，漏電(dian)流(liu)一般都在30mA-3A，這些值很小，傳(chuan)統開關無法進行保(bao)護(hu)，所以(yi)必須采(cai)用剩余電(dian)流(liu)動(dong)作保(bao)護(hu)裝置。

     剩余電(dian)流繼電(dian)器(qi)是由剩余電(dian)流互感(gan)器(qi)來檢測剩余電(dian)流，并在(zai)規定條件下，當剩余電(dian)流達到(dao)或(huo)超(chao)過給定值(zhi)時，使電(dian)器(qi)的(de)一個(ge)或(huo)多(duo)個(ge)電(dian)氣輸出電(dian)路中的(de)觸點產生開(kai)閉動作(zuo)的(de)開(kai)關電(dian)器(qi)。

下面介紹三種(zhong)常見(jian)的漏電情況。

     1、防直接接觸電擊必須采用I△n≤30mA的高(gao)靈敏(min)度(du)的RCD。

     2、防間接(jie)接(jie)觸(chu)電擊(ji)可(ke)采用I△n大于30mA的中靈(ling)敏度的RCD。

     3、防(fang)火RCD需采(cai)用4極(ji)或2極(ji)RCD。

     對于IT系(xi)統，按(an)規(gui)定采用(yong)(yong)剩余(yu)電流繼(ji)電器。為(wei)防(fang)止系(xi)統絕(jue)緣降(jiang)低和作為(wei)二(er)次故障(zhang)后備保護(hu)，依據(ju)接線型式，采用(yong)(yong)類似 TT 或 TN 系(xi)統的(de)保護(hu)措(cuo)施。首先應采用(yong)(yong)絕(jue)緣監視裝置(zhi)，預測一次故障(zhang)。

     對于TT系統(tong)，采用剩余(yu)電(dian)流(liu)繼電(dian)器。因為當發生單相(xiang)接(jie)地故(gu)障時(shi)，故(gu)障電(dian)流(liu)很小(xiao)，且較難(nan)估計，達(da)不到開關的動作電(dian)流(liu)，外殼上(shang)將出現(xian)危險電(dian)壓。此時(shi)N線必(bi)須(xu)穿(chuan)過剩余(yu)電(dian)流(liu)互感器。

     對于(yu)TN-S系統(tong)，可(ke)采用剩(sheng)余電流繼(ji)電器(qi)。更快速靈(ling)敏(min)切斷(duan)故障，以提高(gao)安全可(ke)靠性，此(ci)時 PE 線(xian)不得穿(chuan)過互(hu)感器(qi)，N 線(xian)必須穿(chuan)互(hu)感器(qi)，且不得重(zhong)復接地。

     對于TN-C系統(tong)，不(bu)能采(cai)用剩余(yu)電流(liu)繼電器(qi)(qi)。因為 PE 線和 N 線合一，若(ruo) PEN 線不(bu)重(zhong)復接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)，當(dang)外殼帶電，互(hu)感器(qi)(qi)進出電流(liu)相等，ASJ拒動；若(ruo)PEN線重(zhong)復接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)，部分單相電流(liu)將(jiang)流(liu)入重(zhong)復接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)，達一定值后，ASJ 誤動。 需將(jiang)TN-C系統(tong)改造成TN-C-S系統(tong)，同TN-S系統(tong)，再將(jiang)剩余(yu)電流(liu)互(hu)感器(qi)(qi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入TN-S系統(tong)中。

4 產(chan)品簡(jian)介

     安(an)科瑞電(dian)氣(qi)ASJ系列剩余電(dian)流繼電(dian)器(qi)能(neng)夠滿足上(shang)述幾種漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)情(qing)況的防(fang)護，與遙控跳閘(zha)開(kai)關聯用，及(ji)時(shi)切(qie)斷(duan)電(dian)源，防(fang)止間接接觸、限(xian)制(zhi)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)電(dian)流。也可(ke)以直(zhi)接作為信號繼電(dian)器(qi)，監控電(dian)力設備。特別適用于學校、商(shang)廈(sha)、工(gong)廠車間、集貿市場、工(gong)礦企業(ye)、國家重點消防(fang)單位、智能(neng)大廈(sha)與小區，地鐵(tie)、石(shi)油化工(gong)、電(dian)信及(ji)國防(fang)等部門用電(dian)的安(an)全保護。

     ASJ系(xi)列產品(pin)主要(yao)有兩(liang)種安裝(zhuang)方式，ASJ10系(xi)列為(wei)導軌(gui)安裝(zhuang)，外形(xing)和功能如下表所示：

ASJ20系列為面板安裝，外形和功能如下表(biao)所(suo)示：

     其中AC型和(he)A型剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)區別是(shi)：AC型剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)對突(tu)然(ran)施加或(huo)緩慢上(shang)升(sheng)的(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)正(zheng)弦(xian)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)能確(que)保(bao)(bao)脫扣的(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，主要監測正(zheng)弦(xian)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)信號。A型剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)對突(tu)然(ran)施加的(de)或(huo)緩慢上(shang)升(sheng)的(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)正(zheng)弦(xian)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)脈動(dong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)能確(que)保(bao)(bao)脫扣的(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，主要監測正(zheng)弦(xian)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)信號和(he)脈沖直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)信號。

儀表具體的接線(xian)端(duan)子和典型接線(xian)如下所示：

5 結語

以往海(hai)洋平(ping)臺的(de)電(dian)(dian)氣設計中(zhong)(zhong)，對于手持式和(he)移(yi)動式用電(dian)(dian)設備的(de)配電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，基本沒(mei)有(you)或很少裝(zhuang)設漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)，更有(you)設計者認為，在海(hai)洋平(ping)臺的(de)IT供電(dian)(dian)系統中(zhong)(zhong)手持式和(he)移(yi)動式用電(dian)(dian)設備沒(mei)有(you)必要裝(zhuang)設漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)，從上看來，這(zhe)種想法只(zhi)是(shi)考慮了其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一個方面，是(shi)片面的(de)。ASJ系列剩余電(dian)(dian)流繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)產品(pin)能夠(gou)監測線路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)流，當漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)流達到或者超過設定值時，內(nei)部繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)動作，發出告警，并能與斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)開關聯動，快速切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)線路(lu)，保(bao)(bao)證線路(lu)安全。

參考文獻

[1]宿(su)淑嬌(jiao), 張(zhang)龍. 漏電保護器在海洋平臺的(de)應(ying)用(yong)[J]. 科(ke)技傳播, 2010, 000(011):70,75. [2] 企業微電網設計與應(ying)用(yong)手冊.2020.6

[3]王偉(wei)(wei), 許建奎, 李長偉(wei)(wei). 海洋石油平臺件熱電(dian)控系統接地保護[J]. 中國, 2008(20):93-93.

[4] 袁平. 淺談漏電保護(hu)在電氣安全方面的應用[J]. 中國(guo)高新區, 2017(23):130-131.

作者簡介：簡婷，女，本科，現就職于安(an)科瑞電氣(qi)股份有限公(gong)司，主要研究方向為建筑能耗監測(ce)系統(tong)。

ASJ系列剩余電流(liu)繼(ji)電器在(zai)農電安全管理中的應用

簡婷(ting)

安科瑞電氣(qi)股(gu)份有限(xian)公(gong)司 上海嘉(jia)定   202110

摘要：近年來，農(nong)村(cun)配(pei)電(dian)臺(tai)區總(zong)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)的(de)安(an)裝率、投(tou)運率、運行合格(ge)率逐步上升，農(nong)戶家(jia)用漏電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)的(de)安(an)裝率、投(tou)運率也得(de)到了廣泛的(de)普(pu)及。通過狠抓剩余電(dian)流(liu)動作保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)的(de)管理，取(qu)得(de)了成效，通過保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)普(pu)遍的(de)投(tou)運安(an)裝，農(nong)電(dian)觸電(dian)傷亡事故大大減少(shao)，農(nong)村(cun)供電(dian)可靠性明顯(xian)(xian)(xian)提高(gao)，農(nong)電(dian)設備健康(kang)狀況明顯(xian)(xian)(xian)好轉，農(nong)村(cun)低壓線損下降顯(xian)(xian)(xian)著。

關鍵詞(ci)：農村；漏電保護器；觸電

0 概述

     在(zai)(zai)低壓配電(dian)系統中，直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)觸電(dian)擊防(fang)護(hu)(hu)采用額定動(dong)作(zuo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)不超過(guo)30mA、無(wu)延(yan)時(shi)動(dong)作(zuo)的(de)剩余電(dian)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)作(zuo)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器，作(zuo)為直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)觸電(dian)擊保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)補充保(bao)護(hu)(hu)措施，以便在(zai)(zai)直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)觸電(dian)擊的(de)基(ji)本防(fang)護(hu)(hu)措施失效時(shi)，作(zuo)后備保(bao)護(hu)(hu)。這(zhe)種補充防(fang)護(hu)(hu)在(zai)(zai)特殊(shu)情況下是(shi)有效防(fang)護(hu)(hu)措施，因此在(zai)(zai)GB13955-2005《剩余電(dian)流(liu)(liu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)安(an)裝(zhuang)和運行》中明確規定，在(zai)(zai)直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)觸點擊防(fang)護(hu)(hu)中必(bi)須安(an)裝(zhuang)剩余電(dian)流(liu)(liu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。

1 采用剩余電流動作保護器保安全

     剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置在低壓(ya)系統(tong)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備絕緣故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)短路，造(zao)成間接(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值一般是很小的(de)，不足以使系統(tong)的(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置自(zi)動(dong)切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。而(er)剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)是靠(kao)故(gu)障(zhang)時形成的(de)剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)，其(qi)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)值與負荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)無關，且只為毫安級。在規定(ding)條件下，當(dang)剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)的(de)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值達到(dao)或超(chao)過給(gei)定(ding)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值時，能自(zi)動(dong)切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，通常用(yong)于故(gu)障(zhang)情況(kuang)下自(zi)動(dong)切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)。因此，剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)可(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為直接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊保(bao)護(hu)(hu)、間接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災保(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

2 在農電安全管理(li)中的(de)應(ying)用

     1）保障人民生命財產安全，促進社會和諧。在農村用電水平不高，農民的安全用電意識還沒有得到加強，安全常識還沒有普及的情況下，剩余電流動作保護器成為保障人民生命財產安全的重要技術手段，推廣使用剩余電流動作保護器，也是縣級供電企業加強農電安全管理，確保人民生命財產安全的有效措施。因此，加強剩余電流動作保護器的管理，確保其正確動作和可靠運行，尤顯重要。                                                                                                                                

     2）促進降損增效，有利于供電企業效益的提高。保護器的可靠運行，對降損增效，發揮了重要作用。通過時間比較，有些低壓線損高的臺區，就是保護器跳閘頻繁，或者是保護器不能正常運行的臺區，由于線路漏電電流較大，造成電量損失，給供電企業的降損增效工作增加了一定難度。

     3）促進安全隱患的消除，提高設備健康水平。要使保護器可靠運行，消除設備隱患是關鍵。一是*消滅無保護死角，使全所有農村居民用戶，達到總保護器的保護范圍，無縫覆蓋，其次是減少停電面，在部分用戶多、用電量大的臺區，安裝二級保護裝置，提高供電可靠性和保護器的投運率，及時發現和處理安全隱患；二是不斷提高保護器的運行可靠性，將所有的變壓器中性點接地線與變壓器外殼接地共用的線*分開，保障保護器的穩定運行；三是加強配電區整治，提高設備的健康水平。

     4）有利于供電所專業化管理和建設。通過安裝漏電保護器后，縮小故障點，便于有針對性地排查，一般故障農戶大多都能處理，臺區管理員也從繁瑣的工作中解脫出來，有利于供電所專業化管理，使臺區管理員把更多的精力放在營銷管理、優質服務上來。

3 結語

     漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)能夠有效地避(bi)免(mian)居(ju)民觸電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象發(fa)(fa)生，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)能夠提醒用(yong)戶及(ji)時(shi)(shi)采取必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)防護措施，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)采用(yong)分級保護，可以有效減小故障點，避(bi)免(mian)更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)。ASJ系(xi)列剩余電(dian)(dian)流繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)產品能夠監測線(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)流，當漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)流達(da)到或者超(chao)過設定值時(shi)(shi)，內(nei)部繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)動作，發(fa)(fa)出(chu)告警，并能與斷路(lu)器(qi)開關聯(lian)動，快速切斷線(xian)路(lu)，保證線(xian)路(lu)安全(quan)。

參(can)考文獻

[1]張杰(jie), 王劍(jian)鳴. 以剩余(yu)電流(liu)動作保(bao)護器為平臺實現(xian)臺區(qu)智能化管理[C]// 中國(guo)(guo)電機工(gong)程學會(hui). 中國(guo)(guo)電機工(gong)程學會(hui), 2016.

[2]企業微電網設計與應用手冊.2020.6

[3]胡(hu)凱. 建筑(zhu)電氣工(gong)程施工(gong)中的漏電保護技術分析[J]. 門窗, 2017(2).

[4]*. 剩余電(dian)流(liu)動作保護器在農村(cun)電(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用[J]. 農村(cun)電(dian)工, 2005, 11(11):21-21. [5]康(kang)曉文. 剩余電(dian)流(liu)動作保護器在農電(dian)安(an)全管理中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用[J]. 大眾(zhong)用電(dian), 2010(06):42-42.

作者簡介：簡婷(ting)，女，本科，現就職于安科瑞電氣股份有限(xian)公司，主要(yao)研究方(fang)向為建(jian)筑能耗監測系(xi)統(tong)。