簡婷

安科瑞電氣股(gu)份有限(xian)公(gong)司(si) 上(shang)海嘉(jia)定 201801

摘要(yao)：電(dian)(dian)動機是電(dian)(dian)力企業中基礎性(xing)機電(dian)(dian)設(she)備，其實際運行中受多方面(mian)因素影響，運行中可能

會(hui)出現一系列故(gu)(gu)障，導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)出現問題(ti)，影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統穩定生(sheng)(sheng)產，甚至會(hui)導致安(an)全(quan)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)。因此，研究電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)智能保護(hu)(hu)系統，是降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)故(gu)(gu)障發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)有效措(cuo)施，文章對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)智能保護(hu)(hu)系統的(de)硬件 DSP 及網絡(luo)軟件設計深入分析， 旨在為(wei)實際電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中應用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)智能保護(hu)(hu)系統提供有力參考(kao)。

關鍵詞：電力系(xi)統；電動機；智(zhi)能(neng)保(bao)護；系(xi)統

0 引言

      我國經(jing)濟(ji)快速發展中，電(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)為(wei)各項生產生活提供(gong)電(dian)力(li)(li)支持(chi)，而電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)是(shi)電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中基礎性設備，其(qi)(qi)在(zai)電(dian)力(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)源中占有重要(yao)地位。社會對電(dian)力(li)(li)需求越(yue)來越(yue)大，使優化電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，實現(xian)智能(neng)(neng)控制(zhi)成為(wei)電(dian)氣企(qi)業(ye)首要(yao)待解(jie)決問(wen)題。電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)自身傳動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)簡單，應用廣泛。但(dan)是(shi)其(qi)(qi)自身發生故障后，會導(dao)致系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)不能(neng)(neng)穩(wen)定運行(xing)，給電(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)造(zao)成一定經(jing)濟(ji)損失，嚴重的(de)還會對工(gong)作人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)造(zao)成人(ren)(ren)身傷害。下文以(yi)電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)智能(neng)(neng)保(bao)護系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)研究進行(xing)詳細(xi)分析，旨在(zai)為(wei)合理使用電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)智能(neng)(neng)保(bao)護系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)奠定堅實的(de)基礎。

1 電(dian)動機保護(hu)系統發展及現狀

      電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)保(bao)護裝置發展(zhan)(zhan)中，經(jing)歷不同時期變化，開(kai)始(shi)其為機(ji)械式(shi)雙金屬熱(re)繼電(dian)(dian)器，經(jing)科學技術(shu)進步影響(xiang)，后發展(zhan)(zhan)為雙金屬溫度開(kai)關保(bao)護，當(dang)下，電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)保(bao)護系統已經(jing)發展(zhan)(zhan)現代化電(dian)(dian)子式(shi)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)控制。

1.1 機(ji)械(xie)式雙(shuang)金屬(shu)熱繼電器保護

熱繼電器（如(ru)圖(tu)1所(suo)示）是20世紀50年代由(you)蘇聯引進的金屬片(pian)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)式(shi)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)設(she)(she)(she)備，該(gai)設(she)(she)(she)備能夠實現(xian)對電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)過(guo)載運(yun)行(xing)合理保(bao)護(hu)，自(zi)(zi)身具有反時(shi)限性，結構簡便(bian)。但(dan)是該(gai)設(she)(she)(she)備自(zi)(zi)身功(gong)能具有單一(yi)(yi)性，熱繼電器自(zi)(zi)身特熱量(liang)(liang)時(shi)間常數小，對于一(yi)(yi)些特殊電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)（大(da)慣量(liang)(liang)、重載起動(dong)）不能適用，容易出現(xian)堵(du)轉保(bao)護(hu)現(xian)象。

1.2 電子式電動機保護(hu)裝置

      在電(dian)子(zi)技術成(cheng)熟的工業時代，以電(dian)子(zi)模擬為支(zhi)持(chi)的多(duo)(duo)功能保(bao)護裝置替代了(le)機(ji)(ji)械式(shi)雙金屬熱繼電(dian)器保(bao)護。電(dian)子(zi)式(shi)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)已(yi)久，開始為晶體管支(zhi)持(chi)下(xia)的電(dian)子(zi)式(shi)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)，后發展(zhan)到以集成(cheng)電(dian)路為支(zhi)持(chi)，可(ke)滿(man)足低壓(ya)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)保(bao)護需(xu)求的功能性電(dian)子(zi)式(shi)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)。當今時代背景下(xia)，電(dian)子(zi)式(shi)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)保(bao)護裝置已(yi)經(jing)不單單是(shi)保(bao)護取樣，其更多(duo)(duo)的在于(yu)電(dian)壓(ya)取樣及(ji)電(dian)流(liu)取樣兩種形式(shi)。

1.3 微機(ji)型(xing)電動機(ji)保護裝置

      微機型電(dian)動(dong)機保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是在(zai)(zai)微機技(ji)術(shu)(shu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)計算機技(ji)術(shu)(shu)支(zhi)持(chi)下，將電(dian)動(dong)機機電(dian)控(kong)制向自動(dong)化智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)控(kong)制過(guo)渡體現(xian)。將集(ji)成電(dian)路融入到(dao)微型處(chu)理器及(ji)(ji)(ji)DSP芯片(pian)中，可以(yi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)高效率(lv)的(de)(de)信號(hao)處(chu)理及(ji)(ji)(ji)通訊(xun)工作。智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置以(yi)綜合保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置為支(zhi)持(chi)，可以(yi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)對(dui)電(dian)機的(de)(de)斷相、過(guo)載、短路、欠壓、三相不平衡、堵轉、漏電(dian)等(deng)監測及(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)制。此外，這種微機型電(dian)動(dong)機保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置能(neng)(neng)夠和不同的(de)(de)傳感器配合工作，對(dui)電(dian)動(dong)機實(shi)(shi)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)檢(jian)測，對(dui)電(dian)動(dong)機存(cun)在(zai)(zai)故(gu)障或早期故(gu)障判斷并保(bao)護(hu)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)遠程檢(jian)測和智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)控(kong)制。在(zai)(zai)保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置和遠程計算機數(shu)據交(jiao)互(hu)后(hou)，其(qi)自身實(shi)(shi)現(xian)遙(yao)(yao)感、遙(yao)(yao)控(kong)功能(neng)(neng)，儲存(cun)大量實(shi)(shi)時數(shu)據，同時提高控(kong)制系統自動(dong)化水(shui)平。

2 電力系統電動機智能保護內容

2.1 短(duan)路

      短路保(bao)護(hu)(hu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)遵從(cong)相敏保(bao)護(hu)(hu)原(yuan)則，將起動電(dian)流及短路電(dian)流區分恰(qia)當(dang)，確(que)保(bao)系統保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的可(ke)行性。例如，在(zai)鼠(shu)籠式三相異步電(dian)動機保(bao)護(hu)(hu)上(shang)，其(qi)額(e)定功率(lv)為工作電(dian)流5倍。電(dian)磁(ci)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置中，要脫離(li)起動電(dian)流工作，若電(dian)動機容量(liang)大，起動電(dian)流將會接近(jin)電(dian)動機短路電(dian)流。不能單純分析電(dian)流輻射值(zhi)，避免不合理判斷引(yin)起拒動或誤動現象。在(zai)電(dian)動機啟動時，功率(lv)因數(shu)較小，線路短路后，電(dian)感效應(ying)(ying)(ying)較低(di)，相應(ying)(ying)(ying)功率(lv)因數(shu)較大。

2.2 過(guo)載

      過載(zai)(zai)保(bao)護中(zhong)，應(ying)遵循自適應(ying)反(fan)時限保(bao)護，以規范操作獲(huo)取β（過載(zai)(zai)倍數(shu)），根據電動機容許(xu)過載(zai)(zai)時間（t），以：

t=1500ln（β2-α） （1）

      通過此公(gong)式計(ji)算實際允(yun)許過載(zai)時(shi)間量(liang)，在考(kao)慮(lv)到實際允(yun)許過載(zai)時(shi)間量(liang)的(de)同時(shi)，還要考(kao)慮(lv)到熱積累的(de)升溫問題，以

t2=β22/β12xt1（t1-△t） （2）

      以上(shang)述公式，計算允(yun)許過載時間，以強化對(dui)電動(dong)機過載保護，實現冷態及(ji)熱態積分(fen)，從而達到應用長時間電動(dong)機冷態特征的目的。

2.3 斷相

      實(shi)際(ji)的(de)斷相保(bao)護(hu)(hu)中(zhong)，其(qi)短路則(ze)(ze)存在正序(xu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)分(fen)量(liang)和(he)負(fu)(fu)序(xu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)分(fen)量(liang)。設計可利用(yong)(yong)這一優勢，使故障發生可形(xing)成對電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)充分(fen)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，設計科(ke)學保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置中(zhong)，可以反映故障分(fen)量(liang)，實(shi)現(xian)對故障整(zheng)定值的(de)簡化選擇，提高裝置的(de)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)靈活(huo)性(xing)。傳統負(fu)(fu)序(xu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)負(fu)(fu)序(xu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過濾器，以此獲(huo)取(qu)信號信息，傳統負(fu)(fu)序(xu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)輸(shu)入和(he)負(fu)(fu)序(xu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)有(you)必要(yao)聯系(xi)。若(ruo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)傳統負(fu)(fu)序(xu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，則(ze)(ze)需應(ying)用(yong)(yong)硬件濾序(xu)器，其(qi)硬件設備上成本消耗(hao)多(duo)大，參數(shu)調試(shi)復雜，可行(xing)(xing)性(xing)較(jiao)差。應(ying)以智(zhi)能化保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置為支(zhi)持，以交流(liu)采(cai)樣(yang)為的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)方式，獲(huo)取(qu)瞬時值，進而對采(cai)樣(yang)頻(pin)率、負(fu)(fu)序(xu)分(fen)量(liang)等內容進行(xing)(xing)優化處理，確保(bao)系(xi)統穩定。

2.4 電壓

      電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)上(shang)，其分(fen)為(wei)失壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)、欠壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)及(ji)過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)等。對于過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)及(ji)欠壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)，在一定延時后，單片機將發出跳閘命令，消(xiao)(xiao)除(chu)過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)及(ji)欠壓(ya)(ya)干(gan)擾。若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)消(xiao)(xiao)失，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機會發生停(ting)車，引起失壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)。失壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)恢復正(zheng)常工作，但是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機將不(bu)再自動(dong)(dong)開啟或解除(chu)閉鎖(suo)(suo)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機開啟之前，應(ying)檢測供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路是(shi)否正(zheng)常。若(ruo)發現斷相故(gu)障，則要以信號方式閉鎖(suo)(suo)回路，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機不(bu)再啟動(dong)(dong)，同時對故(gu)障進行報警，顯示故(gu)障。若(ruo)*，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機正(zheng)常啟動(dong)(dong)。

3.安科瑞智能電動(dong)機(ji)保護器介紹

3.1產品介(jie)紹

      智(zhi)能(neng)電動機(ji)保護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(以(yi)下簡稱保護(hu)(hu)器(qi))，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單片機(ji)技術(shu)，具有(you)抗干擾能(neng)力強、工作穩定可靠、數字(zi)化、智(zhi)能(neng)化、網絡化等(deng)特(te)點。保護(hu)(hu)器(qi)能(neng)對電動機(ji)運行(xing)過程(cheng)(cheng)中出(chu)現的(de)過載、斷相、不平衡、欠載、接地/漏(lou)電、堵(du)轉、阻塞、外部故(gu)障等(deng)多種情況進行(xing)保護(hu)(hu)，并設有(you)SOE故(gu)障事件記錄功能(neng)，方便現場(chang)維(wei)護(hu)(hu)人(ren)員查找故(gu)障原因。適用(yong)(yong)于煤礦、石(shi)化、冶煉、電力、以(yi)及民用(yong)(yong)建筑等(deng)領域。本保護(hu)(hu)器(qi)具有(you)RS485遠程(cheng)(cheng)通訊接口，DC4-20mA模(mo)擬量輸(shu)出(chu)，方便與(yu)PLC、PC等(deng)控制機(ji)組成網絡系統(tong)。實(shi)現電動機(ji)運行(xing)的(de)遠程(cheng)(cheng)監控。

3.2技術參數

4.2.1數字式電動機保護(hu)器(qi)

4.2.2模塊式電動機保護器

3.3產品選(xuan)型

4.結束語

      綜(zong)上所述，對電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)能(neng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)分析，要(yao)了解(jie)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)展(zhan)及現狀，了解(jie)電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)能(neng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)，再次基(ji)礎上分析電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)能(neng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)計內(nei)容(rong)(rong)。當下電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)持續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)，應(ying)重視(shi)對電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)，針對異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)智(zhi)能(neng)化保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)。通過應(ying)用DSP數字(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及計算機(ji)(ji)(ji)網絡技(ji)術，實(shi)(shi)現高校(xiao)的(de)信號處理，以集成(cheng)電(dian)路為支持，提高保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)計算能(neng)力，進(jin)而(er)實(shi)(shi)現對電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)故障的(de)迅速參照和處理，確保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)穩定工作，促進(jin)我國電(dian)力企業可(ke)持續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)。

參考文獻(xian)

[1]馮星輝， 張修太 ，翟亞芳.智能(neng)型低(di)壓(ya)電動機保護裝置的(de)研究與設計 [J]. 電子器件 ,2015(3),P671-675.

[2]張 倩.電力系(xi)統中(zhong)電動機智能保護系(xi)統探索

[3]安科瑞企業(ye)微電(dian)網設(she)計與應用(yong)手冊.2020.06版

作者(zhe)簡介(jie)：

簡婷，女，安科瑞電氣(qi)股份有限公司，主要研究(jiu)方(fang)向為(wei)智能(neng)電網(wang)供配電。