簡婷

安科瑞電氣股份有(you)限公(gong)司 上海嘉定(ding) 201801

  近年隨著各種先(xian)進及(ji)(ji)復雜的(de)電(dian)力設(she)備(bei)及(ji)(ji)設(she)施在高層建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)的(de)廣泛應(ying)用，使(shi)人(ren)們(men)的(de)工作效率及(ji)(ji)生活質(zhi)量得到(dao)了很大*善和(he)(he)提高。但由(you)于各種原因，電(dian)力設(she)備(bei)及(ji)(ji)設(she)施在使(shi)用中(zhong)也存在不(bu)少問題和(he)(he)風險，有時甚(shen)至(zhi)可(ke)能是(shi)災(zai)(zai)(zai)難性的(de)。根(gen)據《中(zhong)國(guo)火(huo)災(zai)(zai)(zai)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)年鑒》統(tong)計(ji)(ji)，因電(dian)力設(she)備(bei)及(ji)(ji)設(she)施在使(shi)用過(guo)程中(zhong)造(zao)成的(de)電(dian)氣火(huo)災(zai)(zai)(zai)占全國(guo)火(huo)災(zai)(zai)(zai)總數的(de)近30%，火(huo)災(zai)(zai)(zai)給人(ren)們(men)的(de)生活、生產、生命和(he)(he)財產造(zao)成了相(xiang)當(dang)大的(de)損(sun)失，而漏電(dian)引(yin)起的(de)火(huo)災(zai)(zai)(zai)又(you)是(shi)電(dian)氣火(huo)災(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)主要原因，因此對(dui)漏電(dian)火(huo)災(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)起因及(ji)(ji)監控(kong)進行研究(jiu)具有重要意義。為此本文(wen)結合工程設(she)計(ji)(ji)實例(li)對(dui)電(dian)氣火(huo)災(zai)(zai)(zai)監控(kong)系(xi)統(tong)及(ji)(ji)其在高層建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用進行探(tan)討。

1漏電火災及其成因

1.1漏電火災

  漏(lou)(lou)電火(huo)災(zai)是(shi)指當漏(lou)(lou)電發生時(shi)(shi)，供電線路漏(lou)(lou)泄的(de)電流(liu)在流(liu)入大地途中，遇電阻(zu)較大的(de)部(bu)位時(shi)(shi)會產生局部(bu)高(gao)溫，致(zhi)使附近(jin)的(de)可(ke)(ke)燃物著火(huo)，從而引(yin)起(qi)火(huo)災(zai)。此外，在漏(lou)(lou)電故障點產生的(de)漏(lou)(lou)電火(huo)花或電弧，也同(tong)樣可(ke)(ke)以引(yin)燃附近(jin)的(de)可(ke)(ke)燃物造成(cheng)火(huo)災(zai)。

1.2漏電火(huo)災(zai)的成(cheng)因(yin)

⑴由(you)漏(lou)電(dian)電(dian)流引(yin)起的火災。因供電(dian)線路通(tong)常會有(you)接(jie)觸(chu)不實的情況，似接(jie)而(er)非接(jie)而(er)形(xing)成漏(lou)電(dian)故障點(dian)，并導致接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)阻較大(da)，使過負荷(he)保護裝置難(nan)以(yi)動作，而(er)且(qie)會在(zai)漏(lou)電(dian)故障點(dian)處(chu)產生(sheng)電(dian)弧。據實測，即使只(zhi)有(you)0.5A的電(dian)流產生(sheng)的電(dian)弧溫度也可達(da)2000℃以(yi)上，足以(yi)引(yin)燃漏(lou)電(dian)故障點(dian)附近可燃物造(zao)成火災。

⑵由零線或(huo)地線在接(jie)線端子(zi)處(chu)連(lian)接(jie)不(bu)實引起(qi)的火(huo)災(zai)。這會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)阻過大，然而(er)被(bei)供電(dian)(dian)設備依(yi)然會(hui)正常工作不(bu)受(shou)影響，故(gu)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)故(gu)障點(dian)不(bu)易被(bei)發(fa)(fa)現。一旦(dan)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)生，由于故(gu)障點(dian)接(jie)頭松動或(huo)被(bei)腐蝕等原因導(dao)致(zhi)出現高(gao)阻，連(lian)接(jie)端子(zi)處(chu)會(hui)引起(qi)高(gao)溫或(huo)電(dian)(dian)弧，從而(er)引燃(ran)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)故(gu)障點(dian)附近可燃(ran)物造成(cheng)火(huo)災(zai)。

(3)由(you)(you)漏(lou)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)引起的(de)(de)火災。在漏(lou)電(dian)持續發生后，由(you)(you)于電(dian)流(liu)不(bu)能流(liu)散(san)，導致阻力小的(de)(de)另一回路通地(di)(di)，沿保護接零(ling)線(xian)（接地(di)(di)線(xian)）傳導使(shi)所有(you)與之相連的(de)(de)電(dian)氣裝置的(de)(de)金(jin)屬外殼(ke)帶有(you)對地(di)(di)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，并向(xiang)鄰近低電(dian)位的(de)(de)供曖管(guan)、燃(ran)(ran)氣管(guan)等金(jin)屬構件飛弧從(cong)而(er)成為(wei)起火源，即使(shi)僅(jin)有(you)20V的(de)(de)維持電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)都(dou)可(ke)(ke)使(shi)電(dian)弧連續發生，從(cong)而(er)引燃(ran)(ran)附近可(ke)(ke)燃(ran)(ran)物造成火災。

⑷由零(ling)線(xian)(xian)或地(di)線(xian)(xian)的線(xian)(xian)徑選擇(ze)過(guo)小引起(qi)的火災。因(yin)零(ling)線(xian)(xian)或地(di)線(xian)(xian)的線(xian)(xian)徑選擇(ze)過(guo)小，當通(tong)過(guo)較大(da)的漏電電流時，會引起(qi)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)的溫度不(bu)斷升高(gao)，甚至引起(qi)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)的絕緣體發生燃燒(shao)，從而引燃導(dao)線(xian)(xian)附近(jin)可燃物火災。

2剩余電(dian)流式電(dian)氣(qi)火災監控(kong)系(xi)統原理(li)與應用

2.1系統特點(dian)

  在(zai)高層(ceng)建筑(zhu)中，保障防火(huo)(huo)(huo)安(an)全的消(xiao)防電(dian)(dian)子系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)主要由火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)自(zi)動(dong)報警系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和剩余電(dian)(dian)流式電(dian)(dian)氣火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)組(zu)成，它們分別(bie)(bie)承擔不同(tong)的任務且(qie)相互獨立，其關系(xi)和區別(bie)(bie)見表1。可(ke)見，在(zai)高層(ceng)建筑(zhu)中采(cai)用的剩余電(dian)(dian)流式電(dian)(dian)氣火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，其特點在(zai)于(yu)漏電(dian)(dian)監(jian)控方面(mian)屬于(yu)早期預(yu)報警系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，與火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)自(zi)動(dong)報警系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)不同(tong)的是，電(dian)(dian)氣火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)發生前(qian)報警，從而避免(mian)損失(shi)，而火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)自(zi)動(dong)報警系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)只能在(zai)確認火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)發生后(hou)減(jian)少損失(shi)。

2.2系統構成

  剩余電(dian)(dian)流式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控系統由電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控裝置、剩余電(dian)(dian)流式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控探(tan)測器以(yi)及(ji)測溫式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控探(tan)測器等3個*基本的設備組(zu)成。其中火(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控探(tan)測器又由監(jian)控探(tan)測器和剩余電(dian)(dian)流互(hu)感(gan)器（分(fen)對插式(shi)(shi)、閉合式(shi)(shi)兩種）組(zu)成，而測溫式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控探(tan)測器由監(jian)控探(tan)測器和測溫傳感(gan)器組(zu)成。

3 Acre1-6000電(dian)氣火災監(jian)控系(xi)統解決(jue)方(fang)案(an)

  Acre1-6000電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災(zai)(zai)(zai)監控(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，是通(tong)過嚴格的(de)EMC電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁兼(jian)容(rong)試驗，保證了該系(xi)列產(chan)品在低壓配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的(de)安全正常運行，現均已批(pi)量生產(chan)并在全國得到(dao)廣泛(fan)地(di)應用。該系(xi)統(tong)(tong)通(tong)過對(dui)(dui)剩余電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、過電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、溫度和故(gu)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)等信號的(de)采集與監視，實現對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)早期(qi)預防(fang)和報警，當必要時還能聯動切除被(bei)檢測到(dao)剩余電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、溫度和故(gu)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)等超(chao)標的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)回路;并根據(ju)用戶的(de)需求，還可以滿足與AcreIEMS企業(ye)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)管理云平臺或火災(zai)(zai)(zai)自動報警系(xi)統(tong)(tong)等進行數據(ju)交(jiao)換和共(gong)享。

（1）應(ying)用(yong)場合

  適用于(yu)智能樓宇、高層公寓、賓館、飯店、商廈(sha)、工礦企業(ye)、石油(you)化工、文教衛生、金融、電信等領(ling)域。

（2）系統結構

（3）系統功能

  監控設(she)備(bei)(bei)能(neng)接收多臺探(tan)測(ce)器(qi)的(de)剩(sheng)余電流、溫度信息，報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)時(shi)發出聲、光報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)信號，同(tong)時(shi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)上紅色“報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)”指示燈亮，顯示屏指示報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)部位(wei)(wei)及報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)類型(xing)，記(ji)錄報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)時(shi)間，聲光報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)一直(zhi)保持，直(zhi)至按(an)(an)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)“復位(wei)(wei)”按(an)(an)鈕(niu)或觸(chu)摸屏的(de)“復位(wei)(wei)”按(an)(an)鍵遠程對探(tan)測(ce)器(qi)實現復位(wei)(wei)。對于聲音報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)信號也可(ke)以(yi)使用觸(chu)摸屏“消(xiao)聲”按(an)(an)鍵手動消(xiao)

  當(dang)被監測回路報(bao)警時，控(kong)制輸出繼電器(qi)(qi)閉合，用(yong)于(yu)控(kong)制被保護電路或其他設(she)備(bei)，當(dang)報(bao)警除(chu)后，控(kong)制輸出繼電器(qi)(qi)釋放。

  通訊故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)報警(jing)(jing)：當(dang)監(jian)控(kong)設(she)備與所接(jie)的(de)任一(yi)臺探測(ce)器之(zhi)間發生通訊故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)或探測(ce)器本身發生故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)，監(jian)控(kong)畫面中(zhong)相應(ying)的(de)探測(ce)器顯(xian)示(shi)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)提(ti)示(shi)，同時(shi)設(she)備上的(de)黃(huang)色“故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)”指示(shi)燈(deng)亮，并(bing)發出(chu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)報警(jing)(jing)聲音(yin)。電源(yuan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)報警(jing)(jing)：當(dang)主電源(yuan)或備用電源(yuan)發生故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)，監(jian)控(kong)設(she)備也發出(chu)聲光(guang)報警(jing)(jing)信號并(bing)顯(xian)示(shi)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)信息(xi)，可進入相應(ying)的(de)界面查看(kan)詳細信息(xi)并(bing)可解除(chu)報警(jing)(jing)聲

  當發生剩余電(dian)流(liu)、超溫報(bao)警(jing)或(huo)通訊、電(dian)源故(gu)障(zhang)時，將報(bao)警(jing)部位、故(gu)障(zhang)信(xin)(xin)息、報(bao)警(jing)時間等信(xin)(xin)息存儲(chu)在數據庫(ku)中(zhong)，當報(bao)警(jing)解除(chu)、排除(chu)故(gu)障(zhang)時，同樣予以記錄。歷史數據提供多種便捷、快速的查詢方法。

（4）配置方案