簡婷

安科(ke)瑞電氣(qi)股份(fen)有限(xian)公司 上(shang)海嘉(jia)定(ding)  201801

1 防孤島保護存在的意義

      “十(shi)四五”規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)奠定(ding)(ding)國內光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)市場需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體基(ji)調。據(ju)了解，在(zai)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標下(xia)，各(ge)省可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)占比目標都在(zai)相應(ying)提高，加上(shang)(shang)近光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)成本下(xia)降潛力(li)(li)可(ke)期(qi)，各(ge)省的(de)(de)(de)(de)初步規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)有著(zhu)非常積極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推動，尤其是光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照資源(yuan)(yuan)優渥(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西部以及(ji)東北地區，各(ge)省份年均新增(zeng)規(gui)(gui)模高達(da)1GW至5GW。回望剛過(guo)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)五年，是中國光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站建(jian)設快速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一段歷(li)程，現(xian)在(zai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)行業正昂首闊步邁向新的(de)(de)(de)(de)征程。根(gen)據(ju)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級不同，配置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)防(fang)(fang)孤(gu)(gu)島(dao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)也(ye)不一樣。0.4kV~10kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級分布式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，只(zhi)需逆變(bian)器具備(bei)快速(su)監測孤(gu)(gu)島(dao)并立(li)即斷(duan)開與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)連接的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)。而(er)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)35kV及(ji)以上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)必(bi)須保(bao)(bao)證主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)故(gu)(gu)障時切除光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，此時應(ying)配備(bei)孤(gu)(gu)島(dao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。防(fang)(fang)孤(gu)(gu)島(dao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)：根(gen)據(ju)《光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站接入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)技術規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)》GB/T19964-2012第(di)12.3.3條的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)：“光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站應(ying)配置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)孤(gu)(gu)島(dao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，動作時間應(ying)不大于(yu)(yu)(yu)2s。”以及(ji)《光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站接入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)設計規(gui)(gui)范》GB/T50866-2013第(di)6.3.2條的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)：“光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站需要配置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)孤(gu)(gu)島(dao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，保(bao)(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)故(gu)(gu)障及(ji)檢(jian)修(xiu)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全”。總結規(gui)(gui)范所述，分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)檢(jian)測到孤(gu)(gu)島(dao)現(xian)場時，應(ying)迅速(su)斷(duan)開與主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)連接的(de)(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)路器，斷(duan)開連接時間需在(zai)2s內。以防(fang)(fang)止光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站所發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)與用戶站負荷(he)量(liang)匹(pi)配，形成自發(fa)自用的(de)(de)(de)(de)小系(xi)統(tong)，與主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)脫軌。

2 防孤島保護的作用

      防孤(gu)島：包含負荷(he)和電源(yuan)的(de)部分電網，從主網脫離(li)后繼續(xu)孤(gu)立運行(xing)的(de)狀態。

      非(fei)計劃(hua)性孤島(dao)現象發生時，由(you)于系統供電(dian)狀態未(wei)知，將造成以下不利(li)影響：①可能危及電(dian)網設施(shi)維護人員和用戶的人事安(an)全；

      ②干擾電網的正常合閘；

      ③電(dian)網不能控制(zhi)孤島(dao)中的電(dian)壓和頻率，從而損壞配電(dian)設備和用(yong)戶設備。

      當發(fa)生非計劃(hua)性孤島(dao)(dao)時，由光伏電(dian)站側防孤島(dao)(dao)保護(hu)裝置動作(zuo)實現故障(zhang)切除。同時由于發(fa)生孤島(dao)(dao)概率較(jiao)小，建(jian)議光伏電(dian)站側運行(xing)方(fang)式能配合電(dian)網檢修(xiu)計劃(hua)進行(xing)安(an)排。

      防孤(gu)島(dao)(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)是對(dui)分布式光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站有(you)著(zhu)重(zhong)要保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)作用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)。即當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)出現電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低(di)、頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)高、頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)低(di)故(gu)障時(shi)，光伏(fu)并網(wang)斷(duan)路(lu)器及(ji)時(shi)跳閘。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)恢(hui)復(fu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)并且電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)達到允許值時(shi)，并網(wang)斷(duan)路(lu)器要自動(dong)合(he)閘。這樣的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)是在為(wei)(wei)了國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)不(bu)受太大影響的(de)(de)(de)情況下，盡可能保(bao)(bao)(bao)證光伏(fu)的(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)(lv)。部分地(di)(di)區會(hui)根據(ju)當(dang)地(di)(di)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)部門的(de)(de)(de)要求對(dui)防孤(gu)島(dao)(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)功能進(jin)一(yi)步完善，比如(ru)添加過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、不(bu)平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)等，這些都是無可厚非的(de)(de)(de)。然而(er)目(mu)前市場上有(you)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶認為(wei)(wei)逆變器本身就具備(bei)防孤(gu)島(dao)(dao)功能，怎(zen)么(me)還(huan)需要單獨加裝防孤(gu)島(dao)(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。其實防孤(gu)島(dao)(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)剛開始在高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級上使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)過(guo)(guo)后來也慢(man)慢(man)使用(yong)(yong)于低(di)壓(ya)(ya)中。對(dui)于目(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)逆變器來講，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)被拉高的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，逆變器還(huan)是會(hui)正常工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)。

3 防孤島保護案例分析

      陜(shan)西省白水縣扶(fu)貧電(dian)(dian)站，容量為(wei)400KWP，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)為(wei)50KWP，在夏季中(zhong)午發電(dian)(dian)量比較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)情況下，并(bing)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可(ke)達到500V左右，此時如果并(bing)網(wang)開關(guan)不跳閘，逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)還(huan)是(shi)會(hui)正常運行(xing)，但(dan)是(shi)這樣(yang)長(chang)期運行(xing)勢必會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)有所沖擊。

      江(jiang)蘇南通一生產光(guang)伏組價的(de)(de)廠房(fang)自(zi)己安(an)裝屋頂光(guang)伏來實現自(zi)發自(zi)用(yong)余(yu)電(dian)上網(wang)。然(ran)而自(zi)從(cong)安(an)裝光(guang)伏發電(dian)后，廠房(fang)內(nei)的(de)(de)一些(xie)測試儀器電(dian)源模塊會有燒毀(hui)的(de)(de)情況發生，造(zao)成這個原因是電(dian)源端不穩定，后采取UPS供電(dian)，問題就解決了。

      山(shan)東德州某一光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)突然與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網解列，后(hou)由運維(wei)人(ren)員發(fa)現是系統站(zhan)內主(zhu)變低壓側備自投(tou)聯(lian)合防孤島保(bao)護動(dong)作將對(dui)側站(zhan)內帶有(you)光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的支路聯(lian)切，目的就是防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓頻率不穩定對(dui)用戶站(zhan)和光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)造成影響。當對(dui)側站(zhan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)完成切換后(hou)，再將光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)支路投(tou)運，本側光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)繼(ji)續為電(dian)(dian)(dian)網送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

      以上三個案例(li)說明，分布式光伏發電輸出電壓(ya)(ya)一直不(bu)太穩定，當并網電壓(ya)(ya)或頻率出現(xian)異常(chang)現(xian)象，及(ji)時準確跳閘(zha)也是非常(chang)有(you)必要的。

      防孤(gu)島保(bao)護裝置(zhi)檢測到系(xi)統側或本側光伏(fu)電站母線(xian)電壓出(chu)(chu)現幅值、頻率異常時(shi)，保(bao)護裝置(zhi)會(hui)迅速向并網斷路器發出(chu)(chu)跳閘命令，從而很(hen)好的保(bao)證了電網電壓異常時(shi)不會(hui)對兩側主要設備(bei)造(zao)成沖(chong)擊(ji)，避免事故進一步(bu)擴大。

      當(dang)光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)本側(ce)(ce)(ce)出現(xian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)故障時(shi)，需(xu)要(yao)運維人員查找(zhao)(zhao)問題點的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，而(er)與對側(ce)(ce)(ce)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)相(xiang)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)路(lu)上還帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這時(shi)會(hui)出現(xian)對側(ce)(ce)(ce)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)會(hui)向光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)反送電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，給本側(ce)(ce)(ce)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)運維人員帶來(lai)安全(quan)隱(yin)患(huan)。另當(dang)對側(ce)(ce)(ce)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)失電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，需(xu)要(yao)對側(ce)(ce)(ce)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)內運維人員去查找(zhao)(zhao)事故點，若(ruo)此(ci)時(shi)光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)還在正常送電(dian)(dian)(dian)，容(rong)易形成(cheng)非計劃性孤島效應，給對側(ce)(ce)(ce)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)運維人員造成(cheng)安全(quan)威脅。配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)孤島保(bao)(bao)護裝置在此(ci)時(shi)發(fa)揮(hui)作(zuo)用，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網側(ce)(ce)(ce)或者(zhe)光伏(fu)本側(ce)(ce)(ce)任(ren)一側(ce)(ce)(ce)失電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，防(fang)孤島保(bao)(bao)護裝置都會(hui)迅速向并網斷路(lu)器(qi)發(fa)出跳閘(zha)信號，讓斷路(lu)器(qi)分閘(zha)，從而(er)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)了(le)光伏(fu)兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)(ce)檢修(xiu)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)生命安全(quan)。

      防孤(gu)島保(bao)護帶有(you)檢(jian)測(ce)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)側PT 失壓自(zi)動跳(tiao)閘、檢(jian)測(ce)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)PT有(you)壓自(zi)動可以合閘的功能，當(dang)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)故障解(jie)除(chu)后(hou)，光伏和系(xi)(xi)統側都處于正常狀態(tai)。這時防孤(gu)島保(bao)護裝置會自(zi)動檢(jian)測(ce)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)PT和母線(xian)(xian)PT電壓是否一致，并發(fa)出合閘命令，將并網斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器合上，讓(rang)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)正常工作，節省人工開操作票等一系(xi)(xi)列繁雜的手續。

4 防孤島保護的實際應用

防孤(gu)島(dao)保(bao)護裝(zhuang)置保(bao)護功能如圖(tu)1所(suo)示：

      ①電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)過(guo)低解(jie)(jie)(jie)列(lie)；②電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)過(guo)高解(jie)(jie)(jie)列(lie)；③零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)高解(jie)(jie)(jie)列(lie)；④零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)低解(jie)(jie)(jie)列(lie)；⑤母(mu)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)高解(jie)(jie)(jie)列(lie)；告警功能如(ru)下：①常(chang)規電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)回路(lu)PT 斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)報警；②快速(su)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)回路(lu)PT斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)報警；③母(mu)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)異常(chang)報警。

   ;   主要適用(yong)于10kV 電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級的(de)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)發電(dian)(dian)項目，其功能設定依據國家發布(bu)(bu)的(de)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)相關(guan)(guan)標準規范，集(ji)成(cheng)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)所需(xu)的(de)開關(guan)(guan)設備、保護(hu)裝(zhuang)置、測(ce)控(kong)、通(tong)信等(deng)功能，滿(man)足分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)接入(ru)的(de)孤島檢測(ce)、自動安全并(bing)網(wang)、保護(hu)及(ji)安全隔離等(deng)要求(qiu)。

5 結束語

      綜上所述，防(fang)孤(gu)島(dao)保護對(dui)光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)站接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)網是(shi)否穩定起著(zhu)很大的(de)作用(yong)。電(dian)(dian)力配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網設(she)計人員(yuan)想要(yao)設(she)計出(chu)完整(zheng)的(de)、可行(xing)的(de)方(fang)(fang)案，在設(she)計光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)站接入(ru)方(fang)(fang)案時(shi)，必須(xu)要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)到防(fang)孤(gu)島(dao)保護的(de)配(pei)置型式。為了保證電(dian)(dian)網系統(tong)正常運行(xing)，需(xu)要(yao)謹(jin)慎設(she)置防(fang)孤(gu)島(dao)保護的(de)功能參數，以便于提(ti)升光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)可靠性，繼續(xu)為當(dang)地居民提(ti)供(gong)源(yuan)源(yuan)不斷的(de)、高質量的(de)電(dian)(dian)能。

作(zuo)者簡介：簡婷，女，本(ben)科(ke)，現就職于安科(ke)瑞電氣股份有限公(gong)司，主要(yao)研究(jiu)方向為防孤島保護裝置(zhi)。