簡婷

安(an)科瑞電氣股份(fen)有(you)限公司 上海嘉定 201801

摘要：作為(wei)國家提(ti)出的(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、節能降耗已成為(wei)現代化企業努力的(de)(de)目標，也是企業急需(xu)解決(jue)的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題。作為(wei)地鐵車站(zhan)這(zhe)類市政(zheng)公共交通建筑的(de)(de)重(zhong)點系(xi)統(tong)——配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)。實(shi)(shi)現綠(lv)(lv)色(se)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網實(shi)(shi)質上是解決(jue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)(de)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)能問(wen)(wen)題，主要(yao)是涉及到諧(xie)波(bo)與無(wu)功問(wen)(wen)題兩個方面，就某條(tiao)地鐵線目前的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)狀態而言，其在(zai)低(di)壓配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)設有源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)進行諧(xie)波(bo)治理，但APF實(shi)(shi)際未(wei)投入(ru)。系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)諧(xie)波(bo)問(wen)(wen)題仍(reng)然存在(zai)，因(yin)此需(xu)對該站(zhan)點進行詳細的(de)(de)測試，同時為(wei)該線路的(de)(de)有源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)APF進行必要(yao)性評估，對后續(xu)新開線路的(de)(de)有源(yuan)濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)設置(zhi)提(ti)出參考意(yi)見。

關鍵詞：地鐵負載(zai)；電能質(zhi)量；諧波(bo)治理；無功補償(chang)

0、地鐵(tie)電能質量分析

       目前(qian)城市軌道交通(tong)普遍存在(zai)的(de)主(zhu)要電能質(zhi)量問題就(jiu)是功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數、電壓波(bo)動與(yu)閃變(bian)及諧(xie)波(bo)問題等(deng)。當前(qian)35KV和0.4KV大量使用電纜，夜晚期間一(yi)般所(suo)有的(de)負(fu)荷(he)基本(ben)停(ting)運，由于(yu)該用電負(fu)載多(duo)數為感性(xing)(xing)負(fu)荷(he)，此時感性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)基本(ben)接(jie)近為零，產(chan)生的(de)容性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)甚(shen)至可(ke)以達到幾(ji)Mkvar。若無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)倒送進電力(li)系統(tong)，會(hui)導(dao)致線(xian)路電壓升(sheng)高，同時也會(hui)導(dao)致功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數降低。地鐵中電力(li)機車屬(shu)于(yu)典(dian)型的(de)非(fei)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)負(fu)荷(he)，由于(yu)運行過程(cheng)中啟停(ting)頻繁，短時間內會(hui)產(chan)生沖擊性(xing)(xing)負(fu)載電流，此類沖擊會(hui)造成電壓的(de)波(bo)動與(yu)閃變(bian)。

1、主要研究內容

       以(yi)廣東某地(di)鐵(tie)站為例，由(you)于該地(di)鐵(tie)站高壓(ya)側110kV和(he)35kV無功(gong)及諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)方面已經治理，本(ben)篇(pian)文章主要(yao)突出治理0.4KV低(di)壓(ya)設(she)(she)(she)備的(de)無功(gong)及諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)等相關問題(ti)。線(xian)路(lu)(lu)阻抗(kang)隨著頻率的(de)升(sheng)高而(er)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)使線(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)附加(jia)(jia)損耗(hao)(hao)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，而(er)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)損耗(hao)(hao)大部分為變(bian)壓(ya)器和(he)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)損耗(hao)(hao)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)是導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)網網損增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)的(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)因素。線(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)分布(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)和(he)對(dui)(dui)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容與產生(sheng)(sheng)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)備組(zu)成(cheng)串(chuan)聯(lian)或并聯(lian)回路(lu)(lu)，在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)參數條件下(xia)，會發生(sheng)(sheng)串(chuan)聯(lian)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)振或并聯(lian)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)振，而(er)且所(suo)(suo)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)振過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)(dui)相關設(she)(she)(she)備的(de)危害性較大。(此情況(kuang)一(yi)般出現在(zai)(zai)高壓(ya)環境(jing)下(xia)，在(zai)(zai)0.4KV低(di)壓(ya)環境(jing)中由(you)于線(xian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)分布(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容過小(xiao)，一(yi)般忽略不計(ji)）在(zai)(zai)適當的(de)條件下(xia)還會形成(cheng)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)放(fang)大，而(er)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)大會引起(qi)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)保護裝(zhuang)置誤動甚(shen)至損壞，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力火災(zai)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)(dui)線(xian)纜(lan)的(de)肌膚效應(ying)會造成(cheng)線(xian)纜(lan)發熱過量(liang)，絕緣強度降低(di)，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)損耗(hao)(hao)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，壽命(ming)縮短，額定(ding)容量(liang)降低(di)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)還會導致系統的(de)運行威脅導致不安全(quan)因素的(de)出現，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)會影響甚(shen)至是中斷生(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)作的(de)進(jin)(jin)行[3]。故本(ben)公司組(zu)織針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)地(di)鐵(tie)站低(di)壓(ya)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)室的(de)1#和(he)2#變(bian)壓(ya)器進(jin)(jin)行了測(ce)(ce)試(shi)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)對(dui)(dui)地(di)鐵(tie)系統中負載主要(yao)為照明、空調、泵機(ji)類、電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯、信號電(dian)(dian)(dian)源、UPS等設(she)(she)(she)備進(jin)(jin)行開啟有源濾(lv)波(bo)APF和(he)不開啟有源APF情況(kuang)下(xia)進(jin)(jin)行測(ce)(ce)試(shi)，對(dui)(dui)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)數據進(jin)(jin)行統計(ji)分析(xi)，選出合適的(de)型號的(de)治理設(she)(she)(she)備，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)計(ji)算該設(she)(she)(she)備選擇的(de)節(jie)能性。

2、測試數(shu)據及分析(xi)

       （1）測試(shi)說明

       本次(ci)測試主(zhu)要針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)廣東(dong)某地鐵站(zhan)低壓配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室的(de)(de)1#和2#變壓器進行(xing)了(le)測試。系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)負載主(zhu)要為(wei)照明(ming)、空調、泵機類、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯、信(xin)號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、UPS等設備，開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)啟動瞬間(jian)形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)沖擊，和其它設備在(zai)運行(xing)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)(hui)對(dui)(dui)系(xi)統產(chan)生(sheng)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)污染。該(gai)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各變壓器的(de)(de)負荷性質決定了(le)在(zai)其運行(xing)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)并匯入配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統造(zao)成一定的(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)污染問(wen)題，系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)節能照明(ming)在(zai)運行(xing)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)3次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，3次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)零序(xu)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，三(san)相(xiang)矢量(liang)角(jiao)度一致，存(cun)在(zai)N線上(shang)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)疊(die)加情況，N相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)相(xiang)線的(de)(de)3倍(bei)，本次(ci)測試主(zhu)要是(shi)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)這些問(wen)題進行(xing)的(de)(de)。根據工程實踐經驗(yan)，諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)會(hui)(hui)導致系(xi)統的(de)(de)運行(xing)威脅同(tong)時還會(hui)(hui)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)額(e)外發熱并加速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)絕緣老化(hua)導致不安全因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)出現，嚴重時會(hui)(hui)影響甚至是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斷生(sheng)產(chan)工作的(de)(de)進行(xing)。

       （2）測試方法

       在現(xian)場(chang)工作人員的配合下對(dui)共計2臺變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)（1#變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)和2#變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)）進行了詳細的電(dian)能質量測(ce)試，本次(ci)方案的目標是消除系統中諧波電(dian)(dian)流(liu)污染的(de)問題尤其是3N次諧波電(dian)(dian)流(liu)疊加導致(zhi)N線電(dian)(dian)流(liu)變大問題，同時(shi)N線電(dian)(dian)流(liu)變大容易導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)氣火(huo)災的(de)發生，因此在整個(ge)(ge)用電(dian)(dian)系統中對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)數據的(de)采集(ji)較(jiao)為(wei)重要。在方案制(zhi)定時(shi)將會根據測(ce)試(shi)值對(dui)現場治理設備進(jin)行設計選(xuan)型(xing)，保證(zheng)系統中諧波電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)濾(lv)除。測(ce)試(shi)時(shi)每個(ge)(ge)測(ce)試(shi)點均進(jin)行了24小(xiao)時(shi)的(de)監(jian)測(ce)能(neng)夠(gou)明確整個(ge)(ge)周期(qi)內的(de)典型(xing)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量狀(zhuang)況。

3、三次諧波問題相應闡述

（1）三次諧(xie)波(bo)的概念及不良影響(xiang)

       對(dui)周期(qi)性(xing)(xing)非正弦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)進行傅(fu)里葉級數(shu)(shu)分解(jie)，可得到頻(pin)(pin)率為(wei)基波(bo)(bo)(bo)整數(shu)(shu)倍(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分量(liang)(liang)(liang)被統(tong)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)。其(qi)中(zhong)，頻(pin)(pin)率為(wei)基波(bo)(bo)(bo)三(san)倍(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)被稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)三(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)。在(zai)(zai)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高速發(fa)(fa)展下，民眾與社會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求量(liang)(liang)(liang)與日俱增，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也(ye)(ye)日漸(jian)提高。隨著種(zhong)類豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)在(zai)(zai)民眾生(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣泛普及(ji)，其(qi)中(zhong)具有非線性(xing)(xing)負荷(he)特性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)也(ye)(ye)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流狀(zhuang)態出現了(le)一些改變。在(zai)(zai)利用(yong)(yong)傅(fu)里葉級數(shu)(shu)分解(jie)分析電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)(bo)(bo)形時(shi)，便(bian)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)現 50Hz、220V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一些150Hz交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)，即頻(pin)(pin)率50Hz的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)倍(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“三(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)"。伴隨著科學技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅猛發(fa)(fa)展，非線性(xing)(xing)負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占比越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)，其(qi)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)作時(shi)三(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)占比較大(da)。這(zhe)種(zhong)不良(liang)現象除了(le)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)增加整體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耗損，更(geng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)致(zhi)使中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)線線負載變大(da)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)整體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全性(xing)(xing)以(yi)及(ji)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)，甚至(zhi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)引發(fa)(fa)一系列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全事故。另外(wai)三(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網出現發(fa)(fa)熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況，嚴(yan)重(zhong)時(shi)引發(fa)(fa)安(an)全事故；對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元器件日常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)和運(yun)行產生(sheng)(sheng)不良(liang)影(ying)響(xiang)，致(zhi)使其(qi)產生(sheng)(sheng)錯誤操(cao)作；嚴(yan)重(zhong)縮(suo)短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力設(she)施使用(yong)(yong)壽命。三(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)不僅(jin)僅(jin)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)諸多(duo)危(wei)害(hai)，更(geng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網整體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)以(yi)及(ji)安(an)全性(xing)(xing)產生(sheng)(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不良(liang)影(ying)響(xiang)，進而影(ying)響(xiang)民眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)產、生(sheng)(sheng)活有關(guan)活動、行為(wei)以(yi)及(ji)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和諧(xie)(xie)發(fa)(fa)展。所以(yi)，有關(guan)部門應當采取(qu)合(he)理措施，減少乃至(zhi)避免三(san)次(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)。

（2）對三次諧波(bo)治理的(de)合(he)理建議(yi)

       對于(yu)單相整流電路(lu)(lu)非線性(xing)(xing)負(fu)荷而言，傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器并不(bu)適用(yong)。這(zhe)主要是由于(yu)其濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)效(xiao)果較(jiao)(jiao)差，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)還會生(sheng)成較(jiao)(jiao)大容性(xing)(xing)無(wu)功，而這(zhe)部分(fen)容性(xing)(xing)無(wu)功既是非線性(xing)(xing)負(fu)荷不(bu)會用(yong)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)，也是整體電網(wang)所(suo)不(bu)需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此(ci)(ci)，有關部門應當(dang)采用(yong)有源(yuan)(yuan)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器進行(xing)治理。在(zai)單獨使(shi)用(yong)此(ci)(ci)類(lei)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器對線路(lu)(lu)中諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電流進行(xing)檢測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，能(neng)夠(gou)生(sheng)成將(jiang)(jiang)其抵消的(de)(de)(de)(de)補償(chang)類(lei)電流。然而從整體效(xiao)果上來看，此(ci)(ci)類(lei)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器只能(neng)夠(gou)確保安裝(zhuang)部位上游(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電流變小，卻不(bu)能(neng)對下游(you)線路(lu)(lu)產生(sheng)效(xiao)果。所(suo)以，當(dang)對上述特征(zheng)加以了解后，便能(neng)夠(gou)針對性(xing)(xing)地處理三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)污染，即將(jiang)(jiang)有源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器安裝(zhuang)到存在(zai)三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下游(you)線路(lu)(lu)中。除(chu)此(ci)(ci)之外，經過多年實踐可知(zhi)，當(dang)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器距(ju)離三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電流源(yuan)(yuan)頭越近，其防(fang)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果越好。與此(ci)(ci)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，若(ruo)三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過濾(lv)器為并聯形式，也能(neng)夠(gou)降低三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電壓，所(suo)以，將(jiang)(jiang)三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器并聯于(yu)非線性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷比較(jiao)(jiao)大供電點處時(shi)，能(neng)夠(gou)將(jiang)(jiang)三(san)次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)控制在(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)低。

4、諧波治理整體解(jie)決(jue)方案

（1）有源(yuan)電力濾波器的工作(zuo)原(yuan)理

       有源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)工作(zuo)原理如圖(tu)1所示，主(zhu)(zhu)要由負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)分離、指令電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)調節、輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)控(kong)制、驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)以及主(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)組成。它(ta)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，經連接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)接入系統，通過調整交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)側逆變(bian)(bian)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)瞬時幅值與相(xiang)位，或直接控(kong)制交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)側輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，使裝置發出或吸收寬頻譜無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率。基于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子的(de)有源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)裝置并(bing)聯于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中，相(xiang)當于(yu)一個可(ke)控(kong)的(de)無(wu)功(gong)及諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)源(yuan)，其無(wu)功(gong)及諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)可(ke)以快速(su)地跟隨負荷(he)無(wu)功(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)變(bian)(bian)化而變(bian)(bian)化，自動補償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網系統所需(xu)無(wu)功(gong)及諧(xie)波(bo)，并(bing)且可(ke)以實現從感性(xing)無(wu)功(gong)到容性(xing)無(wu)功(gong)的(de)全范(fan)圍補償，同(tong)時對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓進(jin)行動態穩(wen)定(ding)調節。

圖(tu)1 有源(yuan)電力濾(lv)波器(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)原理圖(tu)

（2）有源電力濾波(bo)器的工作原理(li)

       有源電(dian)(dian)力濾波(bo)器采用(yong)(yong)模塊化插拔式設計，集三相不平(ping)衡(heng)治(zhi)理(li)、諧波(bo)抑制和無功補(bu)(bu)償功能為一體，方便運維人員安裝拆卸，同時也方便將來用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)負荷發生變化擴(kuo)展補(bu)(bu)償容(rong)量。

       該有源(yuan)濾波裝置主要(yao)特點有以下幾個方面(mian)：

       1）補(bu)(bu)償方式靈活：既(ji)可(ke)補(bu)(bu)諧波(bo)，又(you)可(ke)兼補(bu)(bu)無功(gong)，可(ke)對2-51次諧波(bo)進行全補(bu)(bu)償或特(te)定次諧(xie)波進行補(bu)償，同時可治(zhi)理三(san)相不平衡(heng)問(wen)題；

       2）線性補(bu)償(chang)，全響應(ying)時間(jian)≤5ms；

       3）具有人性化的(de)人機交(jiao)互界面，可通(tong)過(guo)該界面看到系(xi)統和本體的(de)實時電(dian)能質量(liang)信息，操作簡單，可以(yi)遠控，也可以(yi)本控；

       4）采(cai)用DSP高速檢測和(he)運算(suan)的(de)數字控制系統和(he)進口(kou)IGBT，功率密度(du)大，可靠性高；

       5）監(jian)控(kong)以及顯示具備遠(yuan)程通(tong)訊接口(kou)，可以通(tong)過PC機實時監(jian)控(kong)；

       6）標準模塊化設計(ji)，縮短交付(fu)周期，同(tong)時提高(gao)了使用的可靠性(xing)和可維(wei)護性(xing)。

       有(you)源電力濾波器可采用壁掛和(he)整柜(ju)方(fang)式安裝，同時(shi)可實現集中和(he)就(jiu)地治理，如圖2所示的(de)產品，給安裝、 維護及(ji)日(ri)后升(sheng)級帶來了便捷，提(ti)高了整體的(de)安裝效率。

圖2 有源電力濾波器產品示意圖

5、案例分析

（1）項目背景

       廣(guang)東某(mou)地(di)鐵改(gai)造(zao)項目，系統中負載(zai)主要為照明、空調(diao)、泵機類、電(dian)梯、信號(hao)電(dian)源(yuan)、UPS等(deng)設(she)備，開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)啟(qi)動(dong)瞬(shun)間形成(cheng)電(dian)流沖擊，和其(qi)(qi)它設(she)備在(zai)運行過程(cheng)中會對系統產(chan)生諧(xie)波電(dian)流污(wu)染。其(qi)(qi)諧(xie)波主要包括3、5、7、9次(ci)；不(bu)進行合理治理，將對其(qi)(qi)他電(dian)氣設(she)備產(chan)生危害，如：大(da)量(liang)的(de)3次(ci)諧(xie)波造(zao)成(cheng)中線過熱甚至發生火(huo)災；大(da)量(liang)諧(xie)波造(zao)成(cheng)變壓器局部嚴(yan)重過熱；繼電(dian)保(bao)護發生誤動(dong)作等(deng)。

（2）治理(li)方案

       根(gen)據以往測量經驗進行諧波(bo)分析(xi)與(yu)估算，諧波(bo)主要(yao)由(you)UPS和一(yi)些非線性直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源產生，該(gai)項目有(you)(you)1#、2#兩(liang)個配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，1#配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)2臺800kVA的(de)(de)變壓器(qi)，2#配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)2臺1000KVA的(de)(de)變壓器(qi)，分別采用集(ji)中(zhong)治理方案，在每臺變壓器(qi)下加(jia)裝(zhuang)ANAPF系列有(you)(you)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)，由(you)于安(an)裝(zhuang)空間有(you)(you)限，選擇我司壁(bi)掛(gua)式有(you)(you)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)進行嵌入式安(an)裝(zhuang)，1#配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)#1和#2變壓器(qi)下安(an)裝(zhuang)型號均(jun)為(wei)ANAPF75-380/BBL，2#配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)#1和#2變壓器(qi)下安(an)裝(zhuang)均(jun)為(wei)2臺型號為(wei)ANAPF60-380/BBL的(de)(de)有(you)(you)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)并機使用，保障了整個供電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)(de)穩定性。

（3）治理效(xiao)果

圖3 治理之前(qian)電流波形(xing)和各次(ci)諧(xie)波電流畸變率

圖4 治理(li)之(zhi)后電流波形和(he)各次諧(xie)波電流畸變率

       治理前電(dian)流(liu)波(bo)形發生畸(ji)變(bian)，三相電(dian)流(liu)畸(ji)變(bian)率(lv)分別為10.8%、11.1%、12.5%；在加裝ANAPF系列有源電(dian)力濾波(bo)器后電(dian)流(liu)波(bo)形趨向正(zheng)弦波(bo)，各(ge)次諧波(bo)得(de)到抑(yi)制，電(dian)流(liu)畸(ji)變(bian)率(lv)明顯降低(di)，三相電(dian)流(liu)畸(ji)變(bian)率(lv)降至4.0%、4.1%、4.4%。

（4）安裝現(xian)場

6、結論

       本文主要地(di)鐵負載電(dian)能質量(liang)治理方(fang)案的(de)(de)相關內容，通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)地(di)鐵電(dian)能質量(liang)方(fang)面出現(xian)的(de)(de)問題進(jin)行分析，并結合電(dian)能質量(liang)相應(ying)測(ce)量(liang)數(shu)據，給出相應(ying)的(de)(de)治理方(fang)案。后結合廣(guang)東某地(di)鐵電(dian)能質量(liang)改造項目(mu)案例(li)，并通(tong)過(guo)現(xian)場實際應(ying)用(yong)證明了(le)濾(lv)波器(qi)設備的(de)(de)實用(yong)性，驗(yan)證了(le)有源濾(lv)波器(qi)設備可快速(su)地(di)治理無功及諧(xie)波電(dian)流(liu)，并且解(jie)決地(di)鐵用(yong)電(dian)負荷增長帶來的(de)(de)電(dian)能質量(liang)惡化問題，對(dui)地(di)鐵電(dian)子(zi)設備、儀器(qi)儀表的(de)(de)計量(liang)和(he)整體供電(dian)能力、安全運行及經濟效益具有重要的(de)(de)意義。

參(can)考文獻

[1]張美.地鐵(tie)低壓諧波(bo)測(ce)試及(ji)有源濾波(bo)器應(ying)用分析(xi)[M]. 機械(xie)化工2019年5月(yue).

[2]企業微電網設計(ji)與(yu)應(ying)用手(shou)冊.2020.6

[3]安科瑞電能質量監測與治理選型(xing)手(shou)冊.2019.11版

作者(zhe)簡介：簡婷，女，本科，現(xian)任職于(yu)安科瑞(rui)電氣股份有(you)限公司，主要(yao)研究方向(xiang)為有(you)源電力(li)濾波器、靜止無功發生器、中(zhong)線安防保護器和(he)混合動態(tai)濾波無功補償(chang)裝置(zhi)的應用與技(ji)術(shu)對接。