簡(jian)婷

安科瑞電氣(qi)股份有限公司 上海(hai)嘉定201801

摘要：為實(shi)現對電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)以及大量電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)負荷與電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)友好互動(dong)，從(cong)而(er)發(fa)揮其靈活調節作(zuo)用，本(ben)文(wen)提出一種對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁進行集中(zhong)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)平臺(tai)設(she)計方案(an)、構架(jia)及關鍵技(ji)術，設(she)計充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)方案(an)以及與系統之間的(de)(de)通信(xin)方案(an)，通過數據的(de)(de)采集處理實(shi)現與平臺(tai)之間的(de)(de)交互。目前該系統已經完成平臺(tai)和充(chong)電樁交互測試，并嵌入配電自動化系統，運行情(qing)況(kuang)表明該集中監(jian)控(kong)平臺應用于(yu)大規(gui)模(mo)電動汽車充(chong)電樁監(jian)控(kong)的正確性和實用性。

關鍵詞(ci)：有序(xu)充電，串口通(tong)信(xin)，數據采集，配(pei)電自動(dong)化系(xi)統

0 引言(yan)

        面對傳統燃油(you)汽車尾氣排放造成的污染及其對石油(you)資源的過度消(xiao)耗所引發的環境與能源問(wen)題，電(dian)動

        汽(qi)車(che)(electricvehicle，EV)以其良好的(de)環保(bao)、節能(neng)特性，成為當今國際汽(qi)車(che)發展的(de)潮流和熱點之一。然而，隨之而來(lai)(lai)的(de)大(da)量電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)負荷接(jie)入電(dian)網所(suo)帶來(lai)(lai)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)逐漸引起(qi)了電(dian)網運營者和研究人員的(de)關注，文

獻(xian)[2][3][4][5]均表明(ming)大規模(mo)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)行(xing)為會帶來(lai)系統局部電(dian)壓下降、變壓器過載、負(fu)(fu)荷(he)峰上加峰等(deng)影(ying)響。考慮到電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的需求響應特性，文獻(xian)[6][7][8]提出利(li)用電(dian)價對(dui)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)行(xing)為進行(xing)有序引導，使其能(neng)充(chong)(chong)分發揮彈性負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的作用，改善負(fu)(fu)荷(he)形態，提高(gao)系統運行(xing)的經(jing)濟性。

        由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷的有(you)序(xu)控制是(shi)建(jian)立(li)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為(wei)監(jian)視的基礎上(shang)，文(wen)(wen)獻[9]介(jie)紹了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施監(jian)控的特點，以(yi)(yi)需求確定功(gong)能，提出(chu)了系(xi)統(tong)分層體系(xi)架(jia)構設計方(fang)案(an)(an)，并給出(chu)通(tong)信(xin)組(zu)網(wang)方(fang)式及(ji)各層的軟件(jian)功(gong)能實現。文(wen)(wen)獻[10]根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的需求，充分考(kao)慮(lv)未(wei)來(lai)發(fa)展趨勢(shi)，以(yi)(yi)IEC61970/61850系(xi)列(lie)標準為(wei)技(ji)術基礎，提出(chu)汽(qi)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)監(jian)控系(xi)統(tong)建(jian)模(mo)(mo)方(fang)案(an)(an)，建(jian)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)系(xi)統(tong)模(mo)(mo)型、設備信(xin)息模(mo)(mo)型、通(tong)信(xin)模(mo)(mo)型，并介(jie)紹建(jian)模(mo)(mo)方(fang)法(fa)，給出(chu)了站(zhan)內智能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備(IED)信(xin)息集成的實現以(yi)(yi)及(ji)系(xi)統(tong)方(fang)案(an)(an)的應用(yong)前景。除(chu)了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的監(jian)視，大量散(san)落在住宅小區(qu)、商(shang)場(chang)、辦公區(qu)域(yu)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的監(jian)視也，對  其(qi)進行監(jian)控既是(shi)保證動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全的需要(yao)，也是(shi)進一步(bu)提高大規模(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車有(you)序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)理的必要(yao)條件(jian)。

        基于以上(shang)分析，本文提(ti)出一種對充(chong)電樁進(jin)行集(ji)中監控(kong)(kong)的(de)平(ping)臺(tai)設計，通過充(chong)電樁的(de)采集(ji)監控(kong)(kong)器(qi)實(shi)現(xian)充(chong)電信息(xi)的(de)實(shi)時(shi)采集(ji)，并與平(ping)臺(tai)進(jin)行交(jiao)互(hu)，從(cong)而為實(shi)現(xian)大(da)規模電動汽車(che)的(de)有(you)序充(chong)電提(ti)供支撐。借助所設計的(de)系統(tong)平(ping)臺(tai)架構，并將其嵌入到配電自動化系統(tong)中，從(cong)而實(shi)現(xian)對電動汽車(che)有(you)序充(chong)電的(de)控(kong)(kong)制，通過現(xian)場(chang)測(ce)試驗證(zheng)了所提(ti)出監控(kong)(kong)平(ping)臺(tai)的(de)合理性。

一、安科瑞(rui)充電(dian)樁運營管(guan)理平臺

1、系(xi)統(tong)架(jia)構

        安科瑞(rui)Acrelcloud-充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)收費運營云平臺(tai)系統通(tong)過(guo)物(wu)聯網技術對接(jie)入系統的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)站(zhan)點和(he)各(ge)個充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)進行不(bu)間(jian)斷地數據采(cai)集和(he)監控，同時(shi)對各(ge)類故障(zhang)(zhang)如充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)過(guo)溫(wen)保護、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸入輸出過(guo)壓、欠(qian)壓、絕緣檢(jian)測故障(zhang)(zhang)等一系列(lie)故障(zhang)(zhang)進行預警；用(yong)戶通(tong)過(guo)微信小(xiao)程序掃描二(er)維碼，進行支付后，系統發起充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)，控制二(er)維碼對應的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)完成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程。

        充(chong)電樁可選配(pei)(pei)WIFI模(mo)塊或GPRS模(mo)塊接(jie)入互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)，配(pei)(pei)合加密技術(shu)和秘鑰分發技術(shu)，基(ji)于TCP/IP的數據交(jiao)互(hu)協議，與(yu)云(yun)端進行直連。云(yun)平臺包含了充(chong)電收費和充(chong)電樁運營的所(suo)有功能(neng)，具體功能(neng)如下：

        資源管理：充(chong)電(dian)站檔案管理，充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)檔案管理，用(yong)戶檔案管理，充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)運行監測，充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)異常交(jiao)易監測。

        交易結算：充電價格策略(lve)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，預收費(fei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，賬單管(guan)(guan)理(li)，營收和財務相關報表(biao)

        用(yong)(yong)戶管(guan)理(li)：用(yong)(yong)戶注(zhu)冊，用(yong)(yong)戶登錄(lu)，用(yong)(yong)戶帳戶管(guan)理(li)，消息管(guan)理(li)

        充(chong)電服(fu)務(wu)：充(chong)電設施搜索，充(chong)電設施查看，地圖尋址，在線自助支付充(chong)電，充(chong)電結算，導(dao)航等

        微信小程序：掃(sao)碼充電，賬單支付等(deng)功能

        數(shu)據(ju)(ju)服務：數(shu)據(ju)(ju)采集(ji)，短信(xin)提醒，數(shu)據(ju)(ju)存(cun)儲和解析

        變(bian)壓器(qi)監控：監控充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)變(bian)壓器(qi)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)，每(mei)個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)配備一塊(kuai)ARCM300T無線表，超(chao)(chao)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)時系統(tong)自(zi)動對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)進(jin)行(xing)調(diao)度管理(li)，即當負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)百分(fen)之五十時，系統(tong)會限(xian)制新增開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)功率，降為(wei)(wei)百分(fen)之五十，當變(bian)壓器(qi)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)百分(fen)之八十時，系統(tong)將(jiang)不允許新增充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)到負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)下降為(wei)(wei)止。

2、平臺(tai)功能

2.1平臺登錄

        在瀏覽(lan)器打開(kai)云平臺鏈接、輸入賬戶名和權限密碼，進行(xing)登錄，防止(zhi)未授權人員瀏覽(lan)有關信息。

2.2平臺(tai)首(shou)頁

        平臺(tai)首(shou)頁(ye)總覽(lan)每(mei)天的(de)開戶(hu)數(shu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)值(zhi)金額、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)金額、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)度(du)數(shu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)次數(shu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時長(chang)，累計的(de)開戶(hu)數(shu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)值(zhi)金額、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)金額、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)度(du)數(shu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)次數(shu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時長(chang)，以及相應的(de)環比增(zeng)長(chang)和同(tong)比增(zeng)長(chang)以及樁(zhuang)、站分布(bu)地(di)圖導航、本月(yue)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)統(tong)計。

2.3實時監控

?充(chong)電站監(jian)控

        充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站監控頁面監視用(yong)戶充(chong)電(dian)(dian)槍(qiang)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)、正在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的槍(qiang)數(shu)、空閑(xian)槍(qiang)數(shu)、插槍(qiang)數(shu)量、故障(zhang)槍(qiang)數(shu)量等，匯總(zong)(zong)(zong)了用(yong)戶擁有各樁(zhuang)的當日(ri)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)次數(shu)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)量、總(zong)(zong)(zong)時長，進行負荷限制、故障(zhang)查詢。

?充電槍(qiang)監控

充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁監控頁面充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)槍的基(ji)本(ben)信息、今(jin)日(ri)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量、今(jin)日(ri)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次數(shu)、今(jin)日(ri)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時長(chang)和累計(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量、累計(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次數(shu)、累計(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時長(chang)等、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流等參(can)數(shu)。

2.4微(wei)信小程(cheng)序(xu)

?搜索與使(shi)用

        微(wei)信小程序可以通過掃描(miao)二(er)維碼(ma)和微(wei)信文字搜索找到，點擊后(hou)可以加入到小程序列表，如下(xia)圖所示

?授權(quan)登錄界面

        用戶(hu)通過搜索或者(zhe)掃(sao)碼等(deng)途(tu)徑初次打(da)開小(xiao)程(cheng)序時，會進入這個(ge)頁面，需要用戶(hu)授權登錄才可(ke)以進入小(xiao)程(cheng)序主功能頁面，如圖(tu)所示：

?主功能頁

        初次進(jin)入主功(gong)能(neng)(neng)頁時需要授權(quan)定位才(cai)可以使用地圖相關(guan)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，在(zai)地圖上查看(kan)到當前所在(zai)區域(yu)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站，查看(kan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站信息，可以進(jin)行掃碼充(chong)電(dian)(dian)操作，地圖導航等。

?充(chong)電

        掃描充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)槍上的(de)二維碼(ma)，如(ru)果當前(qian)(qian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁可(ke)用即可(ke)進入充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)選擇頁面，可(ke)以查看到當前(qian)(qian)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站名稱、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)槍名稱，以及當前(qian)(qian)的(de)賬戶余額(e)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價和預計(ji)可(ke)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)等數(shu)據，還可(ke)以查看當前(qian)(qian)賬戶的(de)歷史充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)記錄。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)分為按時間充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、按金額(e)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)這三種方式(shi)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)可(ke)以進進行評價。

?個人(ren)信息(xi)

        個人(ren)信息可以顯示(shi)當前登(deng)錄賬號的昵稱(cheng)和余額，同時包括(kuo)、充(chong)值(zhi)、充(chong)值(zhi)記錄查詢、賬單查詢、充(chong)電記錄查詢、設置支付密碼(ma)等功能

二、安科瑞限流式(shi)保(bao)護器的介紹與選(xuan)型

1、限(xian)流式保護(hu)器(qi)的設計

        電氣(qi)(qi)防火限(xian)流式(shi)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)可有效克服傳統(tong)斷路器(qi)、空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)開關(guan)和(he)監控設備存在的(de)短(duan)路電流大、切斷短(duan)路電流時間長(chang)、短(duan)路時產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)電弧火花大，以(yi)及使用壽命(ming)短(duan)等(deng)當弊端，發(fa)生(sheng)短(duan)路故障時，能(neng)以(yi)微(wei)秒級速度快速限(xian)制短(duan)路電流以(yi)實現滅弧保(bao)護(hu)，從而能(neng)顯著減少電氣(qi)(qi)火災事故，保(bao)障使用場所人(ren)員和(he)財產(chan)的(de)安全。

        安科(ke)瑞ASCP200-1電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)防火限(xian)流式保護器的主要(yao)元件是固(gu)(gu)態開(kai)(kai)關，不(bu)同于傳統家(jia)用的空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)開(kai)(kai)關（微斷(duan)(duan)）。我們知(zhi)道(dao)，傳統空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)開(kai)(kai)關的斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)(kai)是一種機(ji)械運(yun)動過程，分斷(duan)(duan)時(shi)間需要(yao)幾十毫秒(一般30～50ms)，帶負(fu)載(zai)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)(kai)時(shi)通常伴(ban)隨(sui)有電(dian)弧的產生。而固(gu)(gu)態開(kai)(kai)關的斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)(kai)則是依靠半導(dao)體(ti)內部的載(zai)流子運(yun)動實現(xian)，分斷(duan)(duan)時(shi)間微秒級，速度快(kuai)，無電(dian)弧產生。

        如圖1所(suo)示，當發(fa)生短路故障時(shi)，傳統空氣開關在(zai)電(dian)流(liu)升至C點時(shi)才(cai)能動(dong)作，且無法瞬時(shi)切斷電(dian)流(liu)，而固態開關則可以在(zai)電(dian)流(liu)升至B點時(shi)即瞬間切斷短路電(dian)流(liu)。

        從流過電阻的電流熱量公式Q=I2Rt，可以(yi)很容易看出，傳統空氣(qi)開關(guan)與固(gu)態開關(guan)在短路(lu)時(shi)(shi)所釋放的能量差別可以(yi)達到數(shu)千倍(bei)之多。因此當(dang)裝配限流式保護器的回路(lu)發生(sheng)短路(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)(shi)，就可以(yi)避免(mian)電弧的產(chan)生(sheng)，從而有效(xiao)降低了電氣(qi)火災。

2、ASCP200-1功能特點

ASCP200-1型電氣防火限(xian)(xian)流(liu)式保(bao)(bao)護器是單相限(xian)(xian)流(liu)式保(bao)(bao)護器，較大額定(ding)電流(liu)為(wei)63A。主(zhu)要功能如下：

A）短路保(bao)護(hu)功能，線(xian)路發生短路故障時，能在(zai)150微秒內(nei)實現快速(su)限(xian)流保(bao)護(hu)；

B）過載保(bao)護(hu)(hu)功能(neng)，線(xian)路持(chi)續過載時，保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器限流保(bao)護(hu)(hu)；

C）表內超溫保(bao)護(hu)(hu)功能，保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器內部器件工作溫度過高時，保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器限流保(bao)護(hu)(hu)；

D）過/欠壓(ya)保護(hu)功(gong)能(neng)，線路欠壓(ya)或過壓(ya)時，保護(hu)器告警或限流保護(hu)（可設）；

E）電纜溫(wen)度(du)監(jian)測功能，被測線(xian)纜溫(wen)度(du)超過報警(jing)(jing)設(she)定值時，保(bao)護(hu)器告警(jing)(jing)或限流保(bao)護(hu)（可設(she)）；

F）漏(lou)電流監測功(gong)能，線(xian)路漏(lou)電超過(guo)報警(jing)設定值時，保護器告(gao)警(jing)或限流保護（可設）；

G）通(tong)(tong)訊功能，保護器配置1路(lu)RS485接(jie)口，1路(lu)2G無線通(tong)(tong)訊，可以將數據發送到安(an)科瑞Acrel-6000安(an)全云平臺(tai)，或第三方(fang)監(jian)(jian)控軟件(jian)或平臺(tai)，從而實現遠程監(jian)(jian)控。

三、結束語

        本文(wen)提出了一種電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)充電(dian)樁集(ji)(ji)中監控系統的(de)設計，通過(guo)本地(di)采集(ji)(ji)車(che)輛電(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)流、電(dian)壓等參數，

并采用串口及GPRS通信方(fang)式(shi)實現充電信息(xi)的實時(shi)采集(ji)與監視，結合配(pei)電網(wang)的運行(xing)參數(shu)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)序(xu)控制。

通過現(xian)場實際的安(an)裝調試表明該平臺具有較(jiao)好(hao)的安(an)全性(xing)、可靠性(xing)、準確(que)性(xing)，能夠保障各充電(dian)樁的信(xin)息快速、安(an)全地(di)傳輸。目前(qian)已經成(cheng)功應用于某市多個(ge)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)充電(dian)樁，為電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的推廣與應用提供了借(jie)鑒

和使用基(ji)礎。

參(can)考文獻

[1]周建英，陳(chen)浩琿，方(fang)穎穎，張柳菁(jing)，莊(zhuang)玉林(lin).一種(zhong)電(dian)動汽車充電(dian)樁(zhuang)集(ji)中監(jian)控平臺的設(she)計與實現(xian)

[2]中華人民共和國國務院.節能(neng)與新能(neng)源汽車(che)產業發展規劃(2012-2020年)[R/OL].

[3]田立亭,張明霞(xia),汪奐伶.電(dian)動汽車對電(dian)網影響的評估和解決方案[J].中國電(dian)機工程學報,2012,32(31):43-49.

[4]高(gao)賜威(wei),張亮.電(dian)動汽車充電(dian)對電(dian)網影(ying)響的(de)綜述[J].電(dian)網技術(shu),2011,35(2):127-131.

[5]安科瑞(rui)企(qi)業微(wei)電(dian)網設計與應用手冊(ce).2020.06版

作者簡介(jie)：簡婷，女，現任(ren)于安科瑞(rui)電(dian)氣(qi)股份有限(xian)公(gong)司，主要從事電(dian)瓶(ping)車充電(dian)樁的(de)研(yan)發和應用。