簡婷

安科瑞(rui)電氣(qi)股份有限公(gong)司 上海嘉定  201801

摘要：分析智能(neng)集成式電(dian)力電(dian)容(rong)的(de)工作原理及功能(neng)，結合山(shan)東環保材料制造廠配(pei)電(dian)現狀，選擇經濟可靠的(de)方案，智能(neng)電(dian)容(rong)過零投切(qie)與低功耗，解決(jue)了繼電(dian)器投切(qie)產生(sheng)涌流的(de)問(wen)題(ti)；接線(xian)簡單，擴(kuo)容(rong)方便，解決(jue)無功補(bu)(bu)(bu)償柜內(nei)空間不足、補(bu)(bu)(bu)償容(rong)量不足的(de)問(wen)題(ti)；帶有通訊(xun)功能(neng)可傳(chuan)輸(shu)后臺，解決(jue)了補(bu)(bu)(bu)償配(pei)電(dian)分散管理、故障報(bao)警不及時的(de)問(wen)題(ti)。

關鍵詞：低壓智能電(dian)力電(dian)容(rong)器，無(wu)功(gong)補償，功(gong)率因數

0 概述

      對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)力系統中(zhong)的(de)供電(dian)(dian)部分(fen)，提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)能的(de)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)(shi)按要求的(de)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)設計的(de)，發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)長(chang)期運行中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)都不能超過額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)值，否(fou)則會縮(suo)短其使用壽命，甚至損壞發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。由于(yu)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)(shi)通過額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)與(yu)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)之積定(ding)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)，這意味著當(dang)其接入負(fu)載(zai)為電(dian)(dian)阻時(shi)，理論上發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)得到(dao)*的(de)利(li)用，因為P= UIcosφ中(zhong)的(de)cosφ=1；但(dan)是(shi)(shi)當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)為感性或(huo)容(rong)性時(shi)，cosφ<1,發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)就得不到(dao)充分(fen)利(li)用。為了利用發(fa)電(dian)機的容(rong)量，即發(fa)電(dian)機產生有功(gong)(gong)大，就必(bi)須提(ti)高其(qi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數。在低壓(ya)配(pei)電(dian)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)，采(cai)用并聯(lian)電(dian)容(rong)器裝置對(dui)無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)進行集中(zhong)(zhong)補(bu)(bu)償或就地補(bu)(bu)償是降低線損、節約電(dian)能(neng)有效(xiao)(xiao)的方法。無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)補(bu)(bu)償的主要功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)是：減少設備和(he)線路的功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)損耗；穩(wen)定電(dian)壓(ya)，提(ti)高供(gong)電(dian)質(zhi)量；提(ti)高電(dian)力(li)變壓(ya)器的承載能(neng)力(li)；在長(chang)距(ju)離輸電(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)，提(ti)高系(xi)統輸電(dian)穩(wen)定性和(he)輸電(dian)能(neng)力(li)等。

      傳統的電容電抗無功補償裝置，補償精度低，功能單一，安裝接線復雜，同時不利于生產、運輸、安裝、調試和可靠運行，已經嚴重制約它的發展，電容器在投切過程中容易產生較大的沖擊電流，引起電網過電壓，嚴重時會產生諧波，對電網的穩定性產生影響。為解決這些問題，可改用具有過零投切技術的低壓智能集成式電力電容器作為補償裝置。

1、原理分析

      AZCL智能集成式諧波抑制電力電容以共補電容或分補電容為主體，采用微型電子元件技術、微型傳感器技術、微型網絡技術和電器制造技術，將智能組件、控制器、電容器、電抗器、塑殼斷路器等元件微型化，整機體積小，結構精巧。智能電容控制器通過電流互感器、電壓采樣計算出無功缺額、功率因數等參數，以工業級MCU為核心，同AD轉換、RS-485通訊、LCD顯示、數據存儲等構成一個系統，集采集、運算、分析、控制、通信、人機交互、數據存儲于一體。

1.1智能網絡控制功能。

      自動檢測及跟蹤系統中的無功功率變化，自動投切電容器組。投切方法為：容量相同的電容器，按循環投切原則；容量不同的電容器，按適補原則進行投切；先投先切，先退先投。補償工況恒定時，電容器每一小時循環投切一次，避免單只電容器長時間投運。

1.2 快速(su)投切電容器功能

      投切開關選用復合開關，無觸點過零投切，配合的智能電容無功補償控制器，動作時間縮短到1s，動態追蹤補償系統所缺少的無功功率，力爭使線損降到水平。復(fu)合(he)(he)開(kai)(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)包含(han)可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)(gui)(gui)過(guo)零(ling)檢測(ce)與(yu)(yu)觸發模(mo)塊、可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)(gui)(gui)保(bao)護(hu)模(mo)塊、磁(ci)(ci)(ci)保(bao)持繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)驅動模(mo)塊。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)(gui)(gui)與(yu)(yu)大功(gong)(gong)率磁(ci)(ci)(ci)保(bao)持繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)復(fu)合(he)(he)技術，利(li)用(yong)可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)快速導通(tong)和(he)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)保(bao)持繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)觸點的(de)零(ling)壓(ya)降實(shi)現互補，真正做到(dao)過(guo)零(ling)投切和(he)低(di)功(gong)(gong)耗(hao)(hao)運行。合(he)(he)閘時(shi)(shi)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)實(shi)時(shi)(shi)檢測(ce)可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)(gui)(gui)兩(liang)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差基本(ben)為0時(shi)(shi)，觸發可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)(gui)(gui)導通(tong)，無沖擊涌流，做到(dao)柔性(xing)投入；穩定后，磁(ci)(ci)(ci)保(bao)持繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)吸合(he)(he)，短路(lu)可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)兩(liang)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極，通(tong)過(guo)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)觸點接通(tong)主回路(lu)，降低(di)開(kai)(kai)關壓(ya)降，同時(shi)(shi)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)觸點通(tong)過(guo)永磁(ci)(ci)(ci)元件定位保(bao)持進(jin)一步降低(di)功(gong)(gong)耗(hao)(hao)。

1.3測量功能

      可測量系統電壓、電流、頻率、有功功率、無功功率及功率因數等電參量，也可以檢測各次電壓、電流諧波，實時查看電網參數。

1.4分相補償(chang)功(gong)能

      分相型電容器可對各相上的電容器進行分別投切，提高對系統無功功率的補償精度，使三相無功功率不平衡的系統得到了良好的補償。

1.5保護功能

      電容器有過壓、欠壓、欠流、過溫、斷相、過諧保護。當電容器內部溫度超過60℃時，電容器會整機退出運行，確保系統安全。

1.6通信功(gong)能

      電容器和控制器之間采用網線連接，控制器與后臺采用RS485通訊連接，便于大量采集數據、上傳數據及與外設監控終端進行信息交換，構成系統工作。

1.7抑制(zhi)諧波(bo)功能(neng)

      將電抗器與電容器串聯構成LC回路，降低諧波的失真，對于高于LC回路自振頻率的諧波而言，表現為感性，避免了諧振。7%電抗器能夠有效抑制5、7次以上諧波，防止電容器過熱、絕緣介質老化及自愈性能下降等不利因素的發生。

2、現場案例：

      山東某環保材料制造廠，主要經營仿木裝飾品、仿木線材制品、畫框、相框等，占地面積142畝，主要包括廠房、辦公樓、展示廳、食堂、員工宿舍等。其配電系統是由數臺10/0.4KV主變壓器，經低壓配電設備向用電設備供電。廠房車間變壓器容量為1600kva，負載總容量為1020kw，當前功率因數為0.8，要將功率因數提高到0.95左右，其主要負載為加熱爐、電動機等，負載諧波以5、7次為主，選用7%智能電容；辦公樓變壓器1250kva，負載總容量為650kw，當前功率因數0.75，其主要負載為開關電源、照明等，諧波以3次諧波為主,選用14%智能電容。

圖(tu)1 廠房車間配電圖(tu)

圖(tu)(tu)2 辦公樓(lou)配電(dian)圖(tu)(tu)

3、解決(jue)方(fang)案

      廠房(fang)車間的(de)低(di)壓配電(dian)(dian)系統主要為三相(xiang)負(fu)載加(jia)熱爐、電(dian)(dian)動機，主要引起(qi)5、7次諧波，采用7%電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)進行調諧處(chu)理，保護電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器不(bu)受諧波影響(xiang)從(cong)而放大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。安裝容(rong)量為600kvar，選用共(gong)補、7%智能電(dian)(dian)容(rong)，補償功(gong)率因數達到0.95左右，滿足客戶要求(qiu)。使用普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)，至少需(xu)要兩套寬(kuan)1000*深1000的(de)柜(ju)子(zi)(zi)，現在安裝AZCL智能集成式諧波抑制電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器，只需(xu)要兩套寬(kuan)800*深800的(de)柜(ju)子(zi)(zi)，柜(ju)體(ti)空間也大大節省，接線簡單，安裝方便(bian)，可靠性(xing)更高。

      辦公樓的低壓配電系統有大量的諧波源負荷，會產生3、5、7次諧波，大量的單相非線性負荷會造成三相不平衡、諧波超標、中性線諧波過載等電能質量問題，進行無功補償必須要考慮諧波的影響。計算得無功需量為350kvar，安裝容量為480kvar，考慮到系統中帶有的諧波，安裝共補300kvar、分補180kvar容量的14%智能電容，實際功率因數達到0.94，符合要求，使用普通電容電抗，至少需要兩套寬1000*深1000的柜子，現在安裝AZCL智能集成式諧波抑制電力電容器，只需要兩套寬800*深800的柜子，柜體空間也大大節省，接線簡單，安裝方便，可靠性更高。

4、AZCL智能集成式諧(xie)波抑(yi)制電力電容器

4.1 概述(shu)

 AZCL智(zhi)能集成式諧波(bo)抑制電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)應用(yong)于(yu)0.4kV、50Hz低(di)壓(ya)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中用(yong)于(yu)節省能源(yuan)、降低(di)線(xian)損、提高功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量的新一代無功(gong)(gong)補償設備(bei)。它由智(zhi)能測控單(dan)(dan)元、晶閘管復(fu)(fu)合開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、線(xian)路保(bao)護單(dan)(dan)元、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)(qi)構成。AZCL低(di)壓(ya)智(zhi)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)采用(yong)定(ding)制段式LCD液晶顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，可顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)三相(xiang)母線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、三相(xiang)母線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、三相(xiang)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數、頻率(lv)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)路數及投(tou)(tou)切狀態(tai)、有(you)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)、無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)、諧波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)總畸(ji)變率(lv)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)溫度等。通過(guo)(guo)內部晶閘管復(fu)(fu)合開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，自(zi)動尋找佳投(tou)(tou)入（切除）點，實現過(guo)(guo)零投(tou)(tou)切，具有(you)過(guo)(guo)壓(ya)保(bao)護、缺相(xiang)保(bao)護、過(guo)(guo)諧保(bao)護、過(guo)(guo)溫保(bao)護等保(bao)護功(gong)(gong)能。

3.2 技術參數(shu)

4.3 接線方式

5、結(jie)束語

      在山東環保材料(liao)制(zhi)造廠項目中，功(gong)率(lv)因數(shu)普(pu)遍偏(pian)低(di)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費罰款較多，使(shi)用AZCL智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)集成(cheng)式諧(xie)波抑制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器發出無(wu)(wu)功(gong)，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)端母線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓水平(ping)，減少了線(xian)路上感性無(wu)(wu)功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)輸出，降低(di)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)功(gong)率(lv)損耗，因而(er)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)了線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力。AZCL智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)集成(cheng)式諧(xie)波抑制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器操作簡單、功(gong)能(neng)齊全，能(neng)有效(xiao)(xiao)地解決用戶問題，達(da)到節能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果。無(wu)(wu)論從(cong)經(jing)濟性還(huan)是從(cong)實(shi)用性而(er)言，都(dou)具有廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)推廣(guang)價值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)既產(chan)生有功(gong)也產(chan)生無(wu)(wu)功(gong)，而(er)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)傳輸過程中會有損耗，低(di)壓智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)進行無(wu)(wu)功(gong)補(bu)償，從(cong)而(er)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)功(gong)率(lv)因數(shu)，有效(xiao)(xiao)地改善了用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量，節約用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本，減少企業的(de)(de)(de)開支，可減少線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)損耗，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)。

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作者介紹(shao)：簡(jian)婷，女，現(xian)任職(zhi)于安科瑞微電(dian)網研究院，主要研究方向為普(pu)通電(dian)容、智能電(dian)容等(deng)電(dian)能質量(liang)產品的應用。