簡婷

安科瑞電氣股份有限公司  上海(hai)嘉定  201801

摘(zhai)要：通過介紹(shao)開環式霍爾電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器的工作原理(li)，在此(ci)基(ji)礎上提出(chu)(chu)了一種(zhong)可以輸出(chu)(chu)精準直流(liu)偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的直流(liu)霍爾電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，并通過試驗(yan)進行了驗(yan)證。

關鍵(jian)詞：霍爾傳感器；電流(liu)傳感器；直流(liu)霍爾

0 引言

       近年來，霍爾電流傳感器(qi)產品因(yin)具有良好的精度及線性度、檢測電壓與輸出信號高度隔離、高可靠(kao)性、低功(gong)耗以及維修更換方便等優點，廣泛(fan)應用于(yu)航空(kong)、航天、通信、儀表、冶金以及鐵路(lu)等品和(he)民品(pin)領域。在很(hen)多應用中要求霍(huo)(huo)(huo)爾(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器的零(ling)點(dian)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基準的2.5V，即(ji)檢測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)零(ling)時(shi)，傳(chuan)感(gan)器輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2.5V，當檢測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)負方(fang)向(xiang)時(shi)，傳(chuan)感(gan)器輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一個(ge)(ge)小于2.5V的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值，當檢測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)正方(fang)向(xiang)時(shi)，傳(chuan)感(gan)器輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一個(ge)(ge)大于2.5V的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值，檢測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與(yu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變化成(cheng)線性關系(xi)。目前，常(chang)規的霍(huo)(huo)(huo)爾(er)元件零(ling)點(dian)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的一半，而很(hen)多霍(huo)(huo)(huo)爾(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器的供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)是精確的固定(ding)(ding)值，而是一個(ge)(ge)范圍(wei)，如4.5～5.5V等，這樣會導致霍(huo)(huo)(huo)爾(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器的零(ling)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)不(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)，甚至超過(guo)規定(ding)(ding)值。

      本文簡單(dan)介紹了開環霍爾電(dian)流(liu)(liu)傳感器的工作原理，并根據其應用設計了一個(ge)結構簡單(dan)、成本低以及體積小的電(dian)路，用于檢測高達數百(bai)安培的直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)信號并隔離(li)輸出一個(ge)有精(jing)準2.5V直流(liu)(liu)偏置電(dian)壓且與檢測電(dian)流(liu)(liu)成線性關(guan)系的電(dian)壓信號。

1 開環式霍爾電流傳(chuan)感器(qi)

      開環(huan)式霍(huo)爾(er)電(dian)流傳感器的工(gong)作原理如圖1所示。

圖1開環式霍爾電(dian)流(liu)傳感(gan)器原(yuan)理框圖

      根據安培(pei)定(ding)律，原邊被測電(dian)(dian)流(liu)I×N將產生與電(dian)(dian)流(liu)成正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)場B1，開口(kou)磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)氣(qi)隙內(nei)的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)敏芯片直接測量B的(de)(de)強弱，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)霍爾(er)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)V，V經線性放大(da)后輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)信Uo。當(dang)(dang)被檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)零(ling)時(shi)，開口(kou)磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)內(nei)零(ling)磁(ci)(ci)通(tong)(tong)，磁(ci)(ci)敏芯片的(de)(de)零(ling)點(dian)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)供電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)一半，即(ji)V+/2，當(dang)(dang)有(you)被檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)流(liu)穿過(guo)開口(kou)磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)時(shi)，開口(kou)磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)氣(qi)隙內(nei)的(de)(de)霍爾(er)芯片會檢(jian)測到(dao)磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)通(tong)(tong)變(bian)化，將在零(ling)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)基礎上輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)一個(ge)與磁(ci)(ci)通(tong)(tong)變(bian)化量成正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值，即(ji)：

OUT=V+/2+KΔV（1）

      式中，OUT為磁敏(min)芯片(pian)的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，V+/2為零點(dian)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，ΔV為磁敏(min)芯片(pian)的(de)靈敏(min)度，即單位磁通變化引起的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變化量，K為通過(guo)外圍電(dian)(dian)阻調節的(de)放大倍數。如(ru)圖1所示，當磁力(li)線從磁敏(min)芯片(pian)的(de)正(zheng)面垂直穿過(guo)時，芯片(pian)將(jiang)輸出一個正(zheng)向的(de)變化量電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，即ΔV＞0，反(fan)之(zhi)則輸出負(fu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變化量，即ΔV＜0。

      當(dang)傳感器(qi)(qi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)5V時(shi)，按照式(shi)（1），傳感器(qi)(qi)會輸(shu)出(chu)一個(ge)有2.5V偏(pian)(pian)置電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)且(qie)與電(dian)(dian)流成(cheng)線性比(bi)例的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)信號，但如果(guo)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不精確或者誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)范圍(wei)較大時(shi)，傳感器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)直流偏(pian)(pian)置將(jiang)不精確或相應地的(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)較大，如供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)4.6V時(shi)，傳感器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)零點偏(pian)(pian)置電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)將(jiang)是(shi)2.3V，誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)太(tai)大。

      目前，業界(jie)有(you)精準直流偏(pian)置電壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)出的(de)霍爾(er)電流傳(chuan)感(gan)器應用較少。常規做法是先(xian)隔(ge)離傳(chuan)感(gan)器的(de)直流偏(pian)置電壓(ya)(ya)，只(zhi)輸(shu)出一個與(yu)原邊電流成線性(xing)關系的(de)零(ling)偏(pian)置電壓(ya)(ya)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)，然后再使用運放加(jia)法器加(jia)上一個由(you)基準穩壓(ya)(ya)源得到的(de)2.5V基準電壓(ya)(ya)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)，該(gai)實現方式電路(lu)相對(dui)復雜(za)。

2 有(you)偏置電壓電路設計

      本(ben)文在上(shang)述開環式霍(huo)爾(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)增加簡單的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)件(jian)，通過(guo)(guo)升壓(ya)在一(yi)定(ding)范圍內變(bian)化的(de)(de)低(di)壓(ya)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)，然后經過(guo)(guo)基(ji)準(zhun)穩壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)變(bian)換成(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)+5.0V的(de)(de)基(ji)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以給磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)檢測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，從而產生一(yi)個(ge)2.5V的(de)(de)基(ji)準(zhun)零點偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)檢測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)檢測(ce)(ce)開口(kou)磁(ci)(ci)環內的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)場強度(du)并轉換成(cheng)與之成(cheng)線性(xing)關系的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)，與基(ji)準(zhun)的(de)(de)2.5V疊加，經過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)跟隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)后輸出(chu)，即實現上(shang)述有2.5V直流(liu)偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)輸出(chu)的(de)(de)直流(liu)線性(xing)霍(huo)爾(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)輸出(chu)。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)由升壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、基(ji)準(zhun)穩壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)檢測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)跟隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)組成(cheng)，原理框圖如圖2所示。

圖2有(you)精準直流(liu)偏置(zhi)輸出(chu)的霍爾傳感器

      正常工作時，4.5～5.5V范圍內的直流供電電壓經升壓電路升至一定值Vbst，如12V或其他可設定值，Vbst經基準穩壓電路變換成精確的+5.0V，以給磁敏檢測電路供電。磁敏檢測電路檢測開口磁環內的磁場強度并輸出一有偏置電壓的直流電壓Vo1，且有：

Vo1=2.5+KΔV（2）

      式中，2.5V為磁(ci)敏(min)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)零(ling)點輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為磁(ci)敏(min)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)一半，K為磁(ci)敏(min)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)放大(da)倍數，可由外部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻等調節，ΔV為磁(ci)敏(min)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)靈敏(min)度，即單位檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流變化(hua)引起的(de)磁(ci)敏(min)芯片(pian)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變化(hua)量(liang)，該變化(hua)量(liang)由磁(ci)敏(min)芯片(pian)內部(bu)的(de)霍爾器件決定(ding)。Vo1經過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)跟(gen)隨(sui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)后直(zhi)接(jie)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)Vout，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)跟(gen)隨(sui)器的(de)作用是提高傳(chuan)感(gan)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)帶載(zai)能力，避(bi)免外接(jie)負載(zai)對傳(chuan)感(gan)器的(de)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)造成影響(xiang)。

4 安科(ke)瑞霍爾傳(chuan)感器產品選型

4.1產品介紹

      霍(huo)(huo)爾電流(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)感器(qi)主要適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)交流(liu)(liu)、直流(liu)(liu)、脈沖等復雜信號的(de)隔(ge)離轉換(huan)，通過(guo)(guo)霍(huo)(huo)爾效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)原(yuan)理使變(bian)換(huan)后的(de)信號能夠(gou)直接(jie)被AD、DSP、PLC、二次儀表等各種采集裝置直接(jie)采集和接(jie)受，響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)時間快，電流(liu)(liu)測量(liang)范圍寬精度高，過(guo)(guo)載能力強，線性好(hao)，抗干擾能力強。適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)電流(liu)(liu)監控及(ji)電池應(ying)(ying)用(yong)、逆變(bian)電源及(ji)太陽能電源管理系(xi)統、直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)及(ji)直流(liu)(liu)馬達驅(qu)動、電鍍、焊(han)接(jie)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)、變(bian)頻器(qi)，UPS伺(si)服(fu)控制等系(xi)統電流(liu)(liu)信號采集和反饋控制。

圖5霍爾傳感器(qi)

4.2產品選(xuan)型

4.2.1開(kai)口(kou)式開(kai)環霍爾(er)電(dian)流(liu)傳感(gan)器

表1

4.2.2閉(bi)口(kou)式開(kai)環霍爾(er)電流(liu)傳感器(qi)

表2

4.2.3閉環霍爾(er)電(dian)流傳感器

表3

4.2.4直(zhi)流漏電(dian)流傳(chuan)感器

表4

5 結論

      本文通過(guo)使(shi)(shi)用簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路結構將傳(chuan)感器供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓先升壓后，穩(wen)壓產生一(yi)個(ge)基(ji)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓給(gei)磁敏芯片供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，使(shi)(shi)得磁敏檢(jian)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路產生一(yi)個(ge)精(jing)(jing)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。該霍(huo)爾電(dian)(dian)(dian)流傳(chuan)感器具(ju)有(you)(you)結構簡(jian)單、成本低(di)以及體積小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)特點，可用于檢(jian)測(ce)高達(da)數百(bai)安(an)培的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)流信號(hao)并隔離輸(shu)出一(yi)個(ge)有(you)(you)精(jing)(jing)準(zhun)2.5V直(zhi)流偏置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓且(qie)與檢(jian)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流成線性關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓信號(hao)。

【參(can)考(kao)文獻】

[1]康弘俊，王威，*.有(you)精準偏(pian)置(zhi)電壓輸出的霍爾電流傳感器.通信電源技術.2021-01-10

[2]王威，魏曉(xiao)娟.霍爾(er)傳感器在(zai)地鐵電力監(jian)控(kong)系統中的應(ying)用[J].通(tong)信電源(yuan)技術.2018

[3]安科瑞企業(ye)微電網設(she)計與應(ying)用(yong)手(shou)冊.2020.6版(ban).

作者簡介：簡婷，女，本科(ke)，安(an)科(ke)瑞電氣股份有限(xian)公(gong)司，主要研究方(fang)向(xiang)為霍爾(er)電流傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)產品的(de)研發與應(ying)用。